











































Class TH&&3I 

Book .5 - lA- _ 

Copyrighth P I'i&3 _ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 

















i 

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MECHANICAL DRAWING 
FOR PLUMBERS 


A Concise Comprehensive and Practical Treatise on the Subject 
of Mechanical Drawing in Its Various Modern Appli¬ 
cations to the Work of All Who Are in 
Any Way Connected With the 
Plumbing Trade 

BY 

li 

R. M. STARBUCK 

Author of “Modern Plumbing Illustrated,” “Standard Practical Plumbing,” etc. 



THIRD EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED 
Containing 160 Illustrations Drawn Especially for This Work 




New York 

THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO 

2 West 45th Street 

1923 















Copyrighted 1923 and 1910 

BY 

THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 


Copyrighted 1906 

BY 

THE PLUMBERS TRADE JOURNAL PUBLISHING CO- 


Printed in U. S. A. 



M 20 *23 



©Cl A 7 0 4 05 9 



l 








INTRODUCTION 


“Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers” originally appeared as a series of 
articles in the columns of The Plumbers Trade Journal. The articles seemed 
of such practical value that it was thought wise to convert the series into book 
form. 

Such a book should be of special value to the hundreds of young men 
connected with the plumbing trade, who are ambitious for advancement, but 
have not had the privilege of instruction in the subject of mechanical drawing. 

The writer knows of no one thing that could be of greater service to the 
ambitious young plumber than a good workable knowledge of drawing. 

It will be appreciated that it is difficult to impart a thorough knowledge 
of such a subject as this in any other way than by verbal instruction, but if 
the student is in earnest, he will certainly be able to do much for himself by 
mastering the contents of this book. 

Since the book was first published, there have been some changes in 
plumbing practise, especially in the matter of venting, which the illustrations 
in the main part of the book do not cover. It has not seemed necessary how¬ 
ever, to go to the expense of re-making these illustrations, for the reason that 
it is not so much the principles of plumbing construction that we are endeavor¬ 
ing to teach, as it is the subject of drawing, and this result may be accomplished 
in an entirely satisfactory manner with the illustrations as they now appear. 
In the last chapter however, the later practise is fully illustrated. 

The author wishes to urge the young men of the plumbing trade to pay 
full attention to the subject of drawing as it applies to their trade, for it will 
surely pay big interest on every hour that they invest in it. 

May, 1923 The Author. 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 


9 Page. 

CHAPTER I. 

Value to Plumber of Knowledge of Drawing. Tools Required and Their Use. Common Views 
Needed in Mechanical Drawing. 7 

CHAPTER II. 

Perspective Versus Mechanical Drawing in Showing Plumbing Construction. 12 

CHAPTER III. 

Correct and Incorrect Methods in Plumbing Drawing. Plan and Elevation Explained. 16 

CHAPTER IV. 

Floor and Cellar Plans and Elevation. Scale Drawings. Use of Triangles. 21 

CHAPTER V. 

Use of Triangles. Drawing of Fittings, Traps, Etc. 25 

CHAPTER VI. 

Drawing Plumbing Elevations and Fittings... 30 

CHAPTER VII. 

Instructions in Drawing Plumbing Elevations. 35 

CHAPTER VIII. 

The Drawing of Plumbing Fixtures. Scale Drawings.. 39 

CHAPTER IX. 

Drawings of Fixtures and Fittings.. 43 

CHAPTER X. 

Inking of Drawings. 47 

CHAPTER XI. 

Shading of Drawings. 51 

CHAPTER XII. 

Shading of Drawings. 56 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Sectional Drawings. Drawing of Threads. 60 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Plumbing Elevations from Architect’s Plans. 63 

CHAPTER XV. 

Elevations of Separate Parts of the Plumbing System. 66 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Elevations from Architect’s Plans. 70 



















CHAPTER XVII. 


Drawing of Detail Plumbing Connections. 74 

■* 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

Architect’s Plans and Plumbing Elevations of Residence... 78 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Plumbing Elevations of Residence (continued). Plumbing Plans for Cottage. 82 

CHAPTER XX. 

Plumbing Elevations. Roof Connections. 86 


CHAPTER XXI. 

Plans and Plumbing Elevations of Six-Rat Building. 90 

CHAPTER XXII. 

Drawing of the Various Parts of the Plumbing System. Use of Scale. 94 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Use of Architect’s Scales. 98 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Special Features in the Illustrations of Country Plumbing. 102 

CHAPTER XXV. 

Drawing of Wrought Iron Piping, Valves, Radiators, Coils, Etc. 106 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

Drawing of Piping to Illustrate Heating Systems. 109 

CHAPTER XXVII. 


Drawings for Plumbers’ Examinations 


112 













Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers 


CHAPTER 1 


T HE man who to-day does high-class 
plumbing or heating, and is 
worthy the name of doing that 
class of work, is as deserving of 
credit as is the lawyer who conducts 
his case in court successfully, or 
the physician who performs the duties 
that devolve on him in creditable manner. 
The trade, we must remember, is not in 
the crude state that it was years ago, • 
and if the plumber keeps abreast of the 
times, he must educate himself along sev¬ 
eral lines in addition, to the manual, side 
of the question. He must be conversant 
to some extent with chemistry, and the 
subject of physics, that is, natural law, 
is more valuable to him than to any 
other man that we can think of. If he is 
to make the most of himself and his op¬ 
portunities, the progressive man cannot 
do better than to take up the study of 
mechanical drawing, at least so far as 
it concerns the laying out of plumbing 
and heating work. A knowledge of the 
subject is valuable, not only to the man 
who is conducting a business and uses 
his knowledge in demonstrating his ideas 
to the prospective customer, but even the 
apprentice cannot afford to be ignorant 
of it, for on paper he can lay out work, 
run his lines of pipe and make his con¬ 
nections—all. in a practical way—and 
gain experience thereby that he cannot 
gain in serving at the trade unless more 
fortunate than his brothers in the ad¬ 
vantages that are given him. 

The writer has in mind instances where 


the obtaining of good work can be traced 
directly to the fact that a neat little 
sketch of the proposed work was submit¬ 
ted to the owner. The sketch showed that 
the one who presented it was up-to-date, 
and knew his business, and that thereby 
he gained a better place in the opinion 
of his customer than his competitor, was 
to be expected. 

And it is these little points that count, 
not merely to-day, but always in the years 
to come. 

In many sections of the country, par¬ 
ticularly where the work is of a high 
grade, the master and the journeyman 
must as a part of the examination make 
a drawing of some system of plumbing. 
Another quite general custom nowadays 
is the demand by boards of health, that 
the plumber applying for a permit to dc 
work, shall first submit drawings of the 
proposed work. 

How convenient, and even profitable, to 
be able to submit work on such occasions 
as we have just cited, which shall be 
creditable. In visiting the different sec¬ 
tions of the country, it has been impress¬ 
ed upon the writer’s mind that there is 
a great demand for a knowledge of this 
subject, a demand which has not yet been 
met. 

The correspondence school fills a long- 
felt want, and we believe it to be a valu¬ 
able institution, but ofttimes a busy man 
does not feel that he can spare the time 
necessary to such a course as given by 
them, which necessitates the taking up of 


7 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


S 

several branches of study as a means of 
covering the whole ground. While we 
would not dignify our present series of 
articles as a “course in drawing,” it is 
our intention to make it serve as such, 
as near as possible. 

It will be appreciated that the subject 
is a difficult one to present, as it is best 
studied under an instructor who can cor¬ 
rect an error on the spot, and explain 
fully wherein the error lies. 

We would say, that in pursuing this 
series, it is with the idea of making it 


Figure 

of real practical value to those of our 
readers who are interested in the subject, 
as we believe that every master plumber 
and steam fitter should thoroughly under¬ 
stand the manner to draw at least in a 
crude way the plans for work on which 
he may estimate. 

As a preliminary to pursuing the sub¬ 
ject of drawing, the student should pro¬ 
vide himself with the necessary tools, 
which include the drawing board, tee 
square and triangles (30 deg. and 45 deg.) 
and a small set of instruments. 


As to instruments, unless it is desired 
to take up the inking of drawings, the 
only instruments actually needed are a 
pair of compasses for making large cir¬ 
cles, and a pair of bow compasses for 
small circles. The latter instrument is 
of special value in making neat work. 

In Fig. 1 we show the drawing board, 
with the tee square in position, also both 
triangles. In Fig. 2 the large compasses 
are shown, and in Fig. 3 the bow, or 
spring compasses. 

The tee square and triangles may be of 


1 

wood, for ordinary use. Celluloid tri¬ 
angles are especially good, as the work 
beneath shows through them. 

It is no doubt well known to our read¬ 
ers that horizontal lines are made along 
the edge of the tee square and vertical 
lines are made along the edge of the tri¬ 
angle held against the edge of the tee 
square. With triangles which are true, 
this insures true work, but if the vertical 
lines are made by holding the tee square 
against the lower edge of the board, there 
is very little chance of the work being 
























MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


9 


true, that is square, for there is seldom 
a drawing board that will be found exact¬ 
ly square all round. 


In entering upon the subject of me¬ 
chanical drawing, whether it is such 



drawing as the plumber, the machinist, 
or the architect would need, it is neces¬ 
sary to understand the principles of pro¬ 
jection which in reality underlies the 
whole subject. All working drawings, 
which show several views of the same ob¬ 
ject, such as are used in every machine 
shop, are worked out by projection, and 
in this class of work it is applied much 
more extensively than on the work in 
which we are interested. 

With us, it will not be necessary to 
take up any but the most elementary 
principles, for although valuable to any 
man, the more advanced principles of 
projection would not be of much prac¬ 


tical worth to the plumber, as far as lay¬ 
ing out his own work is concerned. 

To show the fundamental principle of 
projection, let us consider the object 
which we show in Fig. 4, an ordinary 
pyramid. 

Now suppose we consider this object 
surrounded by transparent surfaces, 
glass plates for instance, as shown in Fig. 
5. We will suppose that the object is 
viewed from three different directions, 
from the front, from the side, and from 
the top. If we consider that the rays of 
light from each point, as these three 
views are taken, reach the eye at right 
angles to the respective glass plates, and 
draw on those plates the view of the ob¬ 
ject as it appears to us, we shall have 
what is known in mechanical drawing as 



the top view or plan, and the front and 
side views, or elevations, as they are com¬ 
monly called. In other words, the eye is 
supposed to sight the object at right 
angles at every point at one time. 








10 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


Considering the views as obtained in 
this way, it will probably be clear to our 
readers that in mechanical drawing, the 
element of perspective is entirely absent. 



Fig. 4 

This is a most important point, and 
should be firmly in the mind if a proper 
understanding of the subject is to be ob¬ 
tained. 

To further impress this idea on the 


mind, we will consider a rectangular 
block such as we show in Fig. 6. 

This view is what is known as a per¬ 



spective view, and gives us the appear¬ 
ance of the object that we would ordi¬ 
narily get by glancing at it. Now if the 












































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


11 


three views of this object are to be ob¬ 
tained, that is, the top, front and side 


T°p ; 
Vituj 


I 

t 


* 

I 

I 

I 

Vvj 


Front 

AlitU)' 


— 1^- 


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I 

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i 


Side 


Fig. 7 

views, after the manner in previous fig¬ 
ures, they will be such as Fig. 7 shows. It 


will be readily seen that these three views 
give every dimension that would be re¬ 
quired in making the given object from 
drawings, that is, height, width and thick¬ 
ness. 

In fact, the front and top views with¬ 
out the side view give all that is re¬ 
quired. 

In mechanical drawing, when the ob¬ 
ject is complicated, it often happens that 
three views must be given to thoroughly 
depict the work, but in plumbing, usual¬ 
ly only the top view, or plan, and one 
elevation is required. 

At this point it is well to state that 
many of our readers will no doubt have 
difficulty in thoroughly understanding 
what we have written on projection. To 
these we would say that even though at 
the outset the subject is not clear, it will 
become plainer as the subject advances, 
and that it should not be an obstacle to 
going on, for we shall soon deal with the 
subject in a way that will appeal to the 
plumber from a practical and not from a 
technical standpoint, such as the opening 
of a matter of this kind must be. 
















CHAPTER II 


I N obtaining the views of an object, 
that is, the projections, as they are 
called in mechanical drawing, such 
as Fig. 7 shows in the preceding 
article, it is not necessary that the 
object be placed in any particular posi¬ 
tion when the views are taken. In 
ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, how¬ 
ever, the object is supposed to be placed 
in the position from which the views can 
be most easily obtained, that is, directly 
facing the observer. 

Suppose we consider, for instance, a 
short length of steel rod having six faces. 

If the piece is placed so that it is 
squarely in front of the person making 
the drawing, with a face fully exposed, 
the front and top views would be such as 



Fig. 8 


Fig. 8 shows, but if placed in some odd 
position, such views as Fig. 9 shows will 
have to be made. 

Either set of views shows the dimen¬ 
sions of the object equally well, but Figf. 
8 is preferable, because simpler. It will 
be noticed that in which ever position the 
object is placed, the two views or more 
that are taken must be consistent. It 
would not do to combine the front view 
of Fig. 8 with the top view of Fig. 9. 

With these explanations we shall leave 
the subject of projection as far as its 
technicaLpoints are concerned, though we 
may have to allude to it occasionally. In 
writing this series, we thoroughly appre¬ 
ciate the fact that very few of our readers 
in all probability, have ever taken up the 



12 


Fig. 9 


























MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


13 



Fig. IQ—A Combination of Perspective and Mechanical Drawing 


Fig. II—An Illustration of Plain Mechanical Drawing 





























































































































14 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


subject of projection, that is, the making 
of working drawings, and we do not 
mean to scare our readers into the 
thought that they have got to grind away 
at that part of the work before being 
able to take up the real plumbing draw¬ 
ing. 

It does not require any book knowledge 
to do the work either. A knowledge of 
plumbing, an eye to proportion, and 
some little skill are all that is required. 
The two latter qualifications naturally 
can be obtained only by practice, and to 
this end we would earnestly advise our 


subject, such work appears very inferior. 

It is often seen, however, hardly a 
sketch made at examinations, indeed, 
that does not testify to the work. To thor¬ 
oughly illustrate our meaning, we show 
in Fig. 10 a combination of perspective 
and mechanical drawing, and in Fig. 11 
the same work in which nothing but me¬ 
chanical drawing is to be found. 

We give also in Fig. 12 a drawing 
which is entirely perspective. 

Comparing Figs. 11 and 12, either one 
is correct, and shows the work in a 
proper manner. However, perspective, 



Figure 12—An Illustration of Perspective Drawing 


readers to practice making drawings as 
we proceed with the subject, and after 
having made them, to compare the same 
with our sketches, and apply the criti¬ 
cisms, which we shall make from time 
to time. 

In starting into the subject of plumb¬ 
ing drawing, we wish to emphasize a 
fact which we have already tried to 
make clear, and that is that perspec¬ 
tive drawings should never be com¬ 
bined with mechanical drawing, for to 
those that have any knowledge of the 


such as shown in Fig. 12, is much more 
difficult drawing than the plain mechani¬ 
cal drawing of Fig. 11. 

Therefore it would seem to the writer 
that as Fig. .11 illustrates a style of work 
which is entirely acceptable in showing 
all that is necessary to be known about 
the work, it should be chosen in prefer¬ 
ence to perspective drawing^ and accord¬ 
ingly hereafter in this series we shall 
confine themselves almost entirely to the 
plain drawings. 

We may add that it is not once in a 




































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


15 


hundred times that perspective drawing 
is required, though occasionally it is very 
valuable in showing work in its proper 
shape. 

In Fig. 10, which illustrates the same 
piece of work as the other two sketches, 
we find the two classes of drawing com¬ 
bined, and the effect is poor. 

It will be noticed that while a plain, 
mechanical view is given of the tub, the 
lavatory is shown entirely in perspective, 
and the water closet partly so. 

The latter shows especially poor taste. 
A glance at the water closet will show 
that while the main part of the bowl is 
shown plain, the circular rim is shown 
in its perspective appearance instead of 
the manner shown in Fig. 11. If the 
upper part of the bowl is in perspective, 
the whole drawing should be, as shown 
in Fig. 12. 

This error is met with time and time 
again. As we have stated while con¬ 
sidering the subject of projection, in me¬ 
chanical drawing a view may be taken 
looking directly down onto the object, 
and another view may be taken by 
looking directly at the front of it, but 
in this branch of drawing, the two 


views must never be run together, as they 
must have been to give the view of the 
water closet shown in Fig. 10. Another 
point to be observed in connection with 
the work shown in Fig. 10 is that, if the 
drawing is designed to show the work in 
perspective, to be consistent, the piping 
should be shown in perspective just as 
much as the lavatory is, and after the 
style in which the piping in Fig. 12 is 
drawn. 

A fixture should never be drawn in 
perspective without making all the work 
connected with it to agree. 

For instance, the trap, waste, and back 
air for the lavatory are shown plain, 
which is inconsistent with the appearance 
of the fixture itself. The back air pipe 
running straight up from the crown of 
the pipe looks as if it must break through 
the bowl and marble slab, while the lines 
which are dotted show that this pipe in 
reality runs behind the marble back. 

It should be noted that when lines of 
pipe or, in fact, any part of the work is 
hidden behind anything it is customary 
to dot the lines instead of making them 
full. Thus in Fig. 12 the pipe that runs 
under the floor is shown dotted. 


CHAPTER III 


A S we proceed with this series it is 
the intention of the writer to 
give exercises in drawing, simple 
at first, and growing more diffi¬ 
cult as the subject advances. Those who 
are following the series with the idea of 
using the instruction given as a means 
of learning how to make plumbing 
drawings, should lay out the work 
given, endeavoring to make it as nearly 
like the model which we show as pos¬ 



sible. We shall very often as in Figs. 
13, 14 and 15, give correct illustra¬ 
tions of work, and one or more addi¬ 
tional incorrect sketches showing er¬ 
rors that are often made. Now as to lay¬ 
ing out the work in Fig. 13, simply re¬ 
member that the horizontal lines are to 
be made with the tee square as shown 
in Chapter I, and the vertical lines by 
using the triangle against the tee square. 
We would say that in working out these 


r-i 



16 


Fig. 13—Horizontal Lines to be made with T square 


Fig. 14—Showing Correct and Incorrect Sketch 










































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


17 


exercises they should be done in pencil, 
and not inked, as that will be taken up 
later on. Since no inking is to be done, 
all lines should be made plain and not 
shaded with heavy lines as our sketches 
are made. 

The shading is done to give character 
to an illustration and to set it out, and 
the method of doing it will be taken up 
under the subject of inking. In laying 
out the tee in Fig. 13, be careful to pro¬ 
portion the branch properly. Do not get it 
Into the center of the fitting as the incor¬ 
rect sketch shows, and do not have the 
branch too long, as is also shown. An¬ 
other point, a small one however, is th" 




Fis. 15 -Another Example of Correct and Incorrect 

Work 

intersection of the branch with the main 
part of the fitting. Do not make it in the 
form of a curve as the incorrect sketch 
shows, but with two 45 degree lines. 


In laying out the Y, Fig. 14, notice 
that the branch is at 45 degrees with the 
length of the fitting, and consequently 
should be laid out with the 45 degree 




Fig. lo —Curve in Lower Sketch Not Properly Drawn 

triangle placed against the tee square. 

Do not place the branch far down on 
the fitting as the incorrect sketch shows- 

The hubs shown on the latter sketch 
do not give as good an appearance to the 
work as those in which a bead is shown 
at the top. Although the intersection of 
the branch and fitting is a curve, as 
shown, the method in the incorrect 
sketch answers as well, and is much 
easier. In drawing the S trap, Fig. 15, 
draw in the straight parts of the trap 
first, and put in the curves next. Do 
not get the three branches of the trap 
too far apart, as shown in the incorrect 
sketches, and the middle part should 
the center to either of the lines, the curve 
neither be quite vertical, nor on too much 
of a slant. Speaking of the curves re¬ 
minds usi that a little instruction is 
needed on the proper manner of putting 


































18 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


them in. If two lines at right angles to 
each other are to be joined by a curve, it 
is necessary to take the center for the 
curve at an equal distance from each 



Lines at Odd Angles 


line, and from this point, with a distance 
on the compasses equal to that from 
will join both lines as the upper sketch 
in Fig. 16 shows. 

A very common error in those just be¬ 
ginning the subject is to draw the curve 
as it appears in the lower sketch of Fig. 
16, that is, so that it does not run 
smoothly into the straight lines, but 
leaves a corner at the point where the 
curve joins. Even though the center is 
taken so that it is equally distant from 
each line, this fault may occur by tak¬ 
ing too long a radius on the compasses, 
a distance greater than the perpendicular 
distance from the center of the line. 

The exact point for taking this center 
is on the 45-degree line from the angle 
made by the two lines, the dotted line in 
the sketch as illustrated on page 17. 


With the center taken at any point on 
this line, the two straight lines can be 
joined with a smooth curve, the curve 
being longer or shorter as the center is 
taken further from or nearer to the angle. 

We are often required to put in curves 
joining lines which are at some odd angle 
as in Fig. 17. In this case it is more 
difficult to find a line of centers, and it is 
usual to keep trying one point after an¬ 
other until the right point for the center 
is found. In fact, draughtsmen seldom 
take the trouble to find a line for their 
center as Fig. 16 shows, but soon become 
so expert in finding by trial the right 
location from which to strike the curve, 
that they seldom need more than a couple 
attempts before obtaining the right 
point. 

We have stated that our intention is to 



Fig. 18—Sketch Obtained by Looking Down Into 

the Sink 

give exercises for practice work. In 
addition to that we shall carry along the 
general subject of plumbing drawing as 
well. 

There are two views which are neces- 


































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


19 


sary to show any piece of plumbing work 
in full. 

One is the plan, the other the elevation. 

As most of our readers have had ex¬ 
perience in working from architects’ 
plans, they know that it is customary to 
give only a cellar plan of the plumbing, 
and the several floor plans showing the 


If the architect is practical in his ideas 
on plumbing construction, this should 
often be of help to the plumber, especial¬ 
ly from the fact that it should have a 
tendency to make competitors figure 
more nearly on the same basis. We 
show in Fig. 18 a plan, and in Fig. 19 
an elevation of the common kitchen sink. 




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StacK. 



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Figure 19—Showing an Elevation of a Common Kitchen Sink 


location of fixtures and soil, waste and 
vent lines, leaving the plumber to put in 
his connections according to his own 
ideas. 

However, on many of the best jobs 
nowadays, architects are giving an eleva¬ 
tion, showing the manner in which the 
work is to be laid out. 


These two drawings, if desired, may be 
taken as exercises. 

The suggestions made concerning the 
five preceding sketches should be applied 
in drawing up Fig. 19. It can easily be 
seen that each of these views is equally 
necessary to the complete representation 
of the sink and its connections. Fig. 18 











































20 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


shows the location of the sink more fully 
chan Fig. 19, but Fig. 19 shows the con¬ 
nections more fully—the connection 
under the floor into the stack for in¬ 
stance, the height at which the sink is 
set, etc. 

As we said in looking into the matter 
of projection as the fundamental prin¬ 
ciple of drawing, the plan (Fig. 18) is 
obtained by looking down onto the sink, 
and the elevation (Fig. 19) by looking 
directly at it, just as one would look at 
the front of a building. 

This elevation is taken looking at the 
front of the sink as the arrow points. 
An elevation might as properly have been 
taken looking at the end of the sink, as 
the dotted arrow points. There are cer¬ 
tain reasons, however, why the elevation 
which we show gives a better view than 
the other. If the elevation had been 
taken from the end of the sink, it will 


be noticed that the waste and vent lines 
would have come one in front of the 
other instead of side by side as the front 
elevation shows, and the trap and its 
back air pipe would not have shown 
broadside to us, as Fig. 19 represents. 

Therefore, in this work, the layout of 
the work should be sized up first, and 
such an elevation chosen as will show 
the work to best advantage. There is 
another point to be observed from Figs. 
18 and 19. 

When drawn on the same scale as these 
two views are, and should be when pos¬ 
sible, similar measurements taken on each 
should agree with each other. For in¬ 
stance, measure from the end of the lower 
drip board in the plan to the center of 
the vent line, and take the same meas¬ 
urement on the elevation. The two 
measurements will be found to be the 
same. 


I 


CHAPTER IV. 


W E have already stated, there 
are two views of any pro¬ 
posed piece of work that 
the plumber will need, if 
the work is to be shown fully. 
These views are known as the plan 
and the elevation, and each is equal¬ 
ly valuable. The plan is sometimes called 
the top view, that is to say, this view, by 
whichever term it may be known, is ob¬ 
tained by looking down upon the object 
or the work, that is to be shown. Now 
in Figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23, we show draw¬ 
ings for an ordinary cottage house, such 


on his own line of work that he can look 
to for help. 

Indeed, in a great many cases he does 
not need any further help. On the other 
hand, in a great many cases tnere is 
abundant use for a special drawing on 
the plumbing work of a building, and 
such a thing would often be of service 
to the plumber and to the architect and 
owner as well. If the architect had to 
work out in a drawing the way in which 
the different pipes, vent and waste would 
have to run, it would be the means of 
his giving more attention to the location 



are usually drawn up by the architect 
having the work in charge, and such, no 
doubt, as most of our readers are entire¬ 
ly familiar with. 

These views are what the plumber us¬ 
ually figures his work from, and as a 
general thing he has no further drawing 


of his fixtures, the laying out of bath 
rooms, the running of floor timbers, etc., 
and as a result, the plumber would find 
himself able to put in his work to better 
advantage, with less cutting, etc., than 
he is usually able to do under present 
existing and undesirable conditions. 


































































00 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


Fig. 20 shows a cellar plan, with the the plumbing system as we are supposed 
pipes running as they are to be put in. to do when making this view, we shall 
This is a view that is very important, see only the ends of pipes that run ver- 




Flg. 21—Showing Bathroom Connections on Second Floor. Scale i^.inch to I foot. 


one that will almost always be required 
when drawings of the plumbing work are 
desired. 

That two stacks that pass up through 


tically, and as may readily be seen, these 
ends will appear circular. Now when 
we come to study the first and second 
floor plans, each gives, or should give. 



Fig. 22—Showing First Floor Plan. Scaie }^-inch to I foot. 

the house, and through the roof, are the location of all fixtures on that partic- 
shown in this view or in any other plan ular floor, also the location of any stacks 
view by circles, for in looking down on that may pass up through said floor. 













































































































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


23 


In comparing these floor plans with 
the cellar plan, if it is found that the 
position of the stack as the circle shows 
it, is located directly over its position in 
the cellar, it is clear that the pipe runs 
vertically without offset. 

If the positions do not show this, but 
it is found that the locations vary, then 
we know that there is an offset. 

It would be first-class practice for any 
one following these articles, to take the 
set of plans which we illustrate, and 
work out the same on a larger scale, or 
better still, to change the layout and lo¬ 
cate the stacks in their proper positions 
on the several floors. 

The drawing of a cellar plan, with the 
pipes showing, as we submit in Fig. 20, 
is especially desirable work for the be¬ 
ginner, and not too difficult for him. We 
therefore suggest that he give particular 
attention to perfecting that view. It 
will be noticed that these four views are 
each drawn on a scale of % inch to the 
foot. To those who do not understand 
clearly what is meant by a scale drawing, 
we would make the following explana¬ 
tion: It is obviously impossible to lay 
out any view of an object of as large size 
as a house in its actual size. In this 
event, it is customary to choose some 
certain measurement, and let such meas¬ 
urement on the drawing represent some 
larger measurement on the object itself. 
Thus, in these floor plans, if we find a 
certain measurement to be % inch, we 
know from the scale that we are using, 
that the same measurement on the house 
itself is 5 feet. Various scales are in 
use, depending on the size of the build¬ 
ing usually. 

On ordinary work, the scale generally 
used is % inch to the foot. On large 
work % inch to the foot is common. 
This brings to mind the fact that in 
working or figuring from plans care 
must be taken to do such work with the 
scale that the drawings are made on. 
The writer has heard several times of 
people who have made such a mistake 
as figuring the work from plans drawn 
on a y 8 inch scale at ^4 inch scale, thus 
figuring only one-half the necessary 
lengths of pipes a fifty per cent. loss. 


Now if . any of our readers wish to en¬ 
large these plans as we have suggested, 
and draw them on a larger scale, it can 
easily be done. If it is desired to make 
the drawings four times the size shown 
by us, they would then be on a scale of 
V 2 inch to the foot, and every measure¬ 
ment on our drawings would have to be 



Fig. 23—Showing Elevation. Scale ^*ln. to I ft 

made four times as large in the new 
drawing. 

Fig. 23 we have scarcely referred to 
as yet. It represents a very simple ele¬ 
vation of the house shown in plan on the 
three other views, and is not meant to 
represent in any way, the finished eleva¬ 
tion that the architect usually prepares. 












24 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


It simply shows the heights between 
floors, etc., and really represents all that 
the plumber needs so far as the eleva¬ 
tions generally given by the architect are 
concerned. From the elevations given 
by the architect, unless indeed, they are 



elevations of the plumbing work itself, 
the plumber gets no other help than the 
several heights which will help him in 
figuring his vertical lines of pipe, etc. 
Now, before bringing this chapter to 
an end, there is one bit of instruction 
that we should give, and it will be help¬ 
ful in laying out a part of the work 
shown in the cellar plan. The point to 
which we refer, is the running of lines 
at an odd angle, so that they shall be 
parallel to each other, as for instance, 
either line of conductors, which run at an 
angle with the main line. Of course hor¬ 
izontally and vertically, it is not diffi¬ 
cult to get lines parallel, for all that is 
necessary is to move the tee square or 
triangle from one position to another, at 
the required distance apart from the first 
line. The way in which the result is 
reached when the lines are neither hori¬ 


zontal nor vertical, but as some angle 
between, may best be described from 
Figs. 24 and 25. Suppose in Fig. 24 the 
line A B has been drawn, and it is de¬ 
sired to draw a second line parallel to 
it. To do this, place one of the trian¬ 
gles in the position which No. 1 has, 
with one of its edges matching up with 
the line AB. Then place another triangle 
No. 3 against No. 1 triangle, as shown. 
Now, holding triangle No. 3 firmly in 
place, move No. 1 along to a second posi¬ 
tion, shown by No. 2, when line C D can 
be drawn parallel to A B. Any number 
of parallel lines can be drawn in this 
way. 

It does not matter how the triangles 
are put together, so long as one can 
move along on the other. Thus in Fig. 



25, the two triangles are placed different¬ 
ly, but the lines E F and G H can be 
drawn parallel in just the same manner. 
This method of drawing parallel lines 
should be kept in mind, for it is the 
practical way of doing such work. 









CHAPTER V 


T HIS method would be made use 
of in representing runs of pipe 
at oblique angles with the main. 
After having shown such a line 
of pipe, it is necessary to show the hubs 
on pipe and fittings, and the lines repre¬ 
senting the hub are of course at right 
angles to the direction of the pipe. 

Referring now to Fig. 26, let us sup¬ 
pose the two parallel lines representing 
the pipe have been drawn at some odd 
angle, and it is desired to put in the per¬ 
pendicular lines showing the hubs. We 
will suppose that the lower line on the 
pipe has been drawn by placing the tri¬ 
angles. No. 2 and No. 4 together, and 
following the method explained above. 
Still holding No. 2 in position, draw No. 
4 along the edge of No. 2 into a new 


position away from the line just drawn. 
This new position is shown by No. 1. 

Now holding No. 1 firmly in its new 
position, place No. 2 triangle in the posi¬ 
tion shown by No. 3, with one of its 
edges at right angles to the line of pipe, 
as it must of necessity be. 

It will be clearly seen that by sliding 
No. 3 along No. 1, lines at right angles to 
the direction of the line of pipe can be 
drawn at any desired point. It has taken 
quite a few words to explain this method, 
simple as it is, and it is a good example 
of the difficulties in carrying on a course 
of this kind in any other way than by 
oral demonstrations. An instructor could 
explain a great deal to the pupil before 
him very quickly, whereas the writing of 
the same explanation demands of the one 



Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Right Angles. 

25 



26 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


following our instructions very close at¬ 
tention, if he is to get full benefit from 
his study. 

However, we try to make our explana¬ 
tions as clear and simple as possible, and 
believe that those following these articles 


closely can derive much benefit from the 
knowledge of the subject gained. 

If two lines are to be perpendicular to 
each other at common angles, such as 
30 deg., 45 deg. and 60 deg., the problem 
is simple, and may easily be seen by refer¬ 
ence to Fig. 27. 

The line A B is drawn at 30 deg. with 


position of No. 2, and the line C D 'will 
be the line desired. It is the same with 
the 45 deg. triangle. In Fig. 27 if it is 
desired to draw a line at right angles to 
line EF, reverse triangle No. 3 to the 
position of triangle No. 4, and the line 


G H will be the line desired. 

This latter statement may often be put 
to use, as we may see from Fig. 28. In 
making drawings of plumbing work, it 
is far oftener the case that a branch is 
taken from a horizontal or vertical line 
of pipe than from a line running at odd 
angles. A regular Y branch is always 



77. 


Another Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Common Angles. 



FiCv 78. 


The Main Pipe Drawn With a Tee Square—Lines of Branch With 45 Degree Triangle. 


the horizontal, and can be obtained sim¬ 
ply by drawing a line along the edge of 
the 30 deg. triangle placed against the tee 
square. To obtain a line at right angles 
to A B just reverse triangle No. 1 to the 


at an angle of 45 deg. with the main line 
of pipe. Therefore, in laying out work, 
such as shown in Fig. 28, the main pipe 
is drawn in with the tee square, and the 
lines of the branch are drawn in with 










































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


27 


the use of the 45 deg. triangle in posi¬ 
tion No. 1. Lines representing the hubs 
are put in with the same triangle in posi¬ 
tion No. 2. 

In Fig. 29 we show right and wrong 
methods for drawing quarter and eighth 
bends, and in Fig. 30 like methods for 
running traps. We do this in order to 
show our readers some of the mistakes 
which it is natural for a beginner to 
make, and which he can the better 
avoid after comparing wrong construc¬ 
tions with correct. The common quar¬ 
ter bend is a compact fitting as No. 1 
will show, and the mistake often made 
Is in giving it the long sweep shown in 
No. 2, although there are special fittings 
made after the manner of No. 2. The 
same fault is often found in the drawing 
of eighth and other bends. In drawing 
the quarter bend, first run the horizontal 
and vertical lines, then with the com¬ 
passes set on a center close to the inter¬ 
section of the two inside lines, describe 
the curves so that they will run smooth¬ 
ly into the respective lines. Of course 
both curves are struck from the same cen¬ 
ter. Many times the eighth bend will be 
used between a Y branch and a straight 
run of pipe. In this case, draw in the 
lines for the Y branch and the straight 
line, then connect these lines with the 
proper curve. Not until this is done 
should the hub on the branch or on the 
bend be drawn. Now with reference to 




Showing How Curve of Trap Is Made Too Low Down. 












































































28 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 





Model for Students to Work Out—Combinations of Pipe and Fittings as we give It. This should be drawn on same scale, at least no smaller. 



















































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


29 


the running trap of Fig. 30. The com¬ 
mon fault in drawing this fitting is to 
make the curve of the trap too low down, 
that is, to give the trap- a much deeper 
seal than is it really has. Another fault 
shown in No. 2 as compared with No. 1, 
is the length of the straight lines con¬ 
necting the vent hubs with the trap. As 
seen in No. 1, these hubs set close to the 
trap, and are close together. We have 
taken up the construction of these par¬ 
ticular fittings in order that use may 
he made of the instructions given in 
working out the exercise in drawing 
which we give in Fig. 31. We would 
suggest that with this figure as a model 
the student work out the combination of 
pipe and fittings as we give it, and on 
the same scale, or at least no smaller 


scale. We believe, by applying the in¬ 
struction which we have already given, 
that the beginner will be able to work 
this exercise out without much difficulty. 
To start with, run the main line of pipe 
right through, regardless of fittings, giv¬ 
ing it a slight pitch, as it would natur¬ 
ally have. Then put in the trap, and 
work back. In using the lead pencil do 
not bear down so heavily that when it 
comes to erasing lines later, to show in 
the fittings, the lines cannot be entirely 
erased. We should have stated previous 
to this that a hard lead pencil, prefer¬ 
ably 6H, should be used, as it makes 
much cleaner work than a soft pencil. 
The very small curves, such as seen on 
the heads of hubs may best be put in by 
hand, rather than with instruments. 


CHAPTER VI 


T HE making of complete elevations yet to make such drawings, it will be 
of plumbing systems is one of well for us now to consider the general 
the most important points of the points in connection with them, 
subject which we are studying, The only requirements for making these 
and even though we are hardly able as views are the plans of the several floors 



, p3 , , 

ai ibop g 

V/asVt 

Trays 


I 


Lavatof'f 


Floor PXoua. 




I 








_ 

retsr 




\ Room 



kJ 



Floor Plan. 



5 


7 


S' 

i 

o 


E»\eu- 

q£\ot^. 


Fig. 32—Floor Plans of First and Second Floors 

30 








































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


31 


such as are ordinarily submitted by the 
architect and an elevation of the build¬ 
ing, from which the heights between 
floors, etc., may be obtained. 

The elevation, whether it be of the 


1 

' 




_0 

i 

r i : 

r 

j 

h 


r J 



< 

r 

i : 

/ 

■ 

l r 

' 

t 

r 1 K 



r 

i : 

r 





Fig. 33 —Front Elevation of Plumbing. 

house itself, or of the plumbing, may be 
taken either from the front or from the 
side. 

In Fig. 32 we give the floor plans of 
the first and second floors of a residence 
with a plan elevation showing heights. 

The cellar plan is not necessary for 
the making of the elevation ordinarily, 
for the elevation cannot usually show the 
pipes on the cellar bottom to such good 
advantage as the cellar plan can. 

In Fig. 33 we give a front elevation 
of the plumbing for the house as shown in 
Fig, 32, and ia Fig, 34, the side elevation. 


As the front of the house we take the 
end to the left, and the front elevation 
• (Fig. 33), is taken by viewing the work 
from that point. 

The side from which the work is viewed 
for the side elevations is the side on 
which the bath room is located. This 
side view might be taken from the side 
opposite if desired, and would be as cor¬ 
rect a side elevation as the one we have 
taken. 

While not always so, in the present in¬ 
stance the floor plans and plumbing ele¬ 
vations are made on the same scale. 



In order to be correct then, distances 
between certain points 9 n the floor plans 
must be the same on the elevation. There¬ 
fore, in laying out the front elevation, 
the first thing to do is to lay out the two 






















































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


30 


main lines of vertical pipe at a distance 
apart from each other equal to the dis¬ 
tance between the two pipes which a view 



Correct and Incorrect Drawing for Fittings. 

of the house from the front would give. 

We wish to make ourselves very clear 
on this point, as the beginner in drawing 
often makes a mistake right here. The 
actual distance between the two lines of 
pipe as shown in the first floor plan, is 
the distance from A to C, but in viewing 
the work from the front, the distance 
will appear as the distance across from 
A to B. In the same way in the side 
elevation the distance between the two 
pipes will not be the actual distance 
from A to C, for a view taken by looking 
at the work from the side will make 
the distance appear as that from A to D. 


If these facts do not explain themselves 
readily to our readers, we would advise 
them to refer back to what we had to 
say on projection. We have brought it 
up at this point in order that our read¬ 
ers may get the idea somewhat in their 
minds, but shall take it up more thor¬ 
oughly at a later point in this book. 
In the same way that the distance be¬ 
tween pipes is lafid out, other measure¬ 
ments are taken. Thus, looking from 
the front for the front elevation (Fig. 
33), we find the lavatory shown on 
the first floor plan to be at the right of 



Another Correct and Incorrect method of 

% 

Drawing for Fittings. 


the stack A. Therefore in the elevation, 
locate it at the same distance to the 
right of the stack as shown on page 31. 




















































































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


33 


The plans and elevations of any piece 
of work must always be consistent. 
Otherwise, they are of no value. The 
plan of the lavatory just referred to 
shows that it is set away and from the 
stack in a certain manner, this we cannot 
show nearly so well in the elevation. The 
latter view shows how high the fixture is 
set, etc., which the plan cannot show. 
Each view then has its own special use 
and value. Now let us compare the two 
elevations. We shall see that the front 
elevation is far less clear than the side, 
and so thoroughly is this true, that we 
have not shown in the connection for the 
separate fixtures on the fror^t elevation. 
In the bath room and kitchen the fix¬ 
tures come in front of each other, and if 
we should attempt on this small scale to 
show all the connections, the work would 
be so confused and mixed up that it 
would be useless. 

The side elevation, however, shows 
everything clearly. The comparison of 
the two elevations makes it clear then, 
that in making an elevation of the plumb¬ 
ing work of any building from the plans, 
we should be careful to select that eleva¬ 
tion which will show the work most clear¬ 
ly. Indeed, it is sometimes necessary to 
show one stack as a front elevation, and 
another on the same work as a side ele¬ 
vation. This we shall consider later on. 

In Figs. 35 and 36 we give correct and 
incorrect methods of drawing certain fit¬ 
tings. No. 1, in Fig. 35, shows a T-Y. 

The branch is actually a short one and 
not carried on a wide sweep, with the 
branch, but so far .out as No. 2 shows. 
The depth of hubs should be about two- 
thirds the diameter of the pipe. 

The vented T-Y is shown in its correct 
form in No. 3, and should not be made 
as in No. 4 with the branch hub too far 
out, and with the branch too leved. The 
vent hub should be on the same level as 
the main hub on the fitting. 

In Fig. 36 the branch of the inverted 
Y should be made at 45 deg., and not at 
30 deg., as shown in No. 2. No. 3 shows 
the correct form of the vent fitting used 
in connecting the main vent back into 
the stack. The hubs should not be on 
the same level as No. 4 shows, and the 
































































































































34 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


branch should run out straight for a 
little distance and not start to curve at 
once from the main part of the fitting. 
In Fig. 37 we give two exercises in draw¬ 
ing which combine the several fittings 
shown in the two preceding figures. We 
would advise some little practice on the 
work shown in Figs. 35 and 36, and then 
practice on the work of Fig, 37, 


In No. 1 the vent from the upper vent 
ed T-Y is shown offset into the main 
vent through a vent T turned slightly 
from its straight position. In laying out 
these two exercises, first put in the two 
main lines of pipes without hubs, the line 
of vent being shown nearly its diameter 
away from the other pipe. The side eleva¬ 
tion will receive attention next. 


I 


CHAPTER VII 


I N the preceding chapter we showed 
front and side elevations of the 
plumbing of a residence, and 
noted the fact that the side ele¬ 
vation was by far the clearer, con¬ 
sequently the more valuable of the 
two. These views were drawn on the 


same scale as the floor plans, and as 
may have been evident to our readers, 
this scale was so small that it was more 
or less difficult to trace out the work, 
and that the smaller details could not be 
clearly shown. In Fig. 38 we show the 
principal part of the side elevation men- 



i'ig. 38 —The Principal Part of Side Elevation Mentioned, Drawn Double Size. 


35 



















































































































36 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


tioned, drawn on a scale of double size. 

It will be noticed how much more clear¬ 
ly the work appears. The wiped joints 
for instance, can be more clearly shown, 
the beads on the soil pipe hubs, etc. All 
these minor points go to giving character 
to a drawing and it is always well to 
show them. 

We would therefore strongly advise 
our readers against making their draw¬ 
ings on too small a scale. Fig. 38, while 
double the scale used on the elevations 
shown in Chapter 6, is too small, and 
we should have made it larger, but for 
the necessity of economizing space. The 
smaller the scale on which a drawing 
is made, the more difficult, the more put¬ 
tering the work will be, and it has been 
the experience of the writer that begin¬ 
ners often discourage their own efforts 
by drawing their work too small. An¬ 
other point in connection with Fig. 38, 
to which we wish to call attention, is the 
manner in winch the main line of back 
air for the bathroom stack is shown. In 
Fig. 34 of the previous article, it is shown 
directly in line with, and in front of the 
main stack, and this is of course the 
true position for it in the view in ques¬ 
tion. 

Instead of following the absolutely 
right way of showing this line of pipe 
in Fig. 38 we have shown it at the side 
of the main stack. A comparison of 
the two views will show at once that the 
method followed in Fig. 38 gives a bet¬ 
ter idea of the way in which the work 
is done, than Fig. 34. This is particu¬ 
larly true concerning the connection of 
the main back air into the stack, above 
the highest and below the lowest fixtures. 

In a great many cases, probably a large 
majority of them, it could make no prac¬ 
tical difference whether the relative po¬ 
sitions of the stack and main back air 
were as they are shown in Fig. 34 or as 
shown in Fig. 38. When this is the 
case, it will often be found of advantage 
to draw certain parts of the work as if 
seen in a different view than the rest. 
As a general thing, an elevation is usu¬ 
ally given simply to show the general 
layout of the work, the way in which the 
fixtures are to be connected, etc., and 
for the location of fixtures the floor plans 


are made use of. Therefore, many times 
it is best to show such a view of certain 









































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 37 


parts of the work, as will be of the great¬ 
est assistance in giving a clear idea of 
the method of putting in the work. 

In Figs. 39, 40 and 41, we give three 
exercises, which the student will do well 
to practice on faithfully. They are some¬ 
what more difficult than those which have 
preceded them, though not too difficult. 
We would advise going over the work 
several times if necessary to get results 
that will be satisfactory, carefully com¬ 
paring the work with that which we give, 
and noting where improvements can be 
made. 

It will be noticed on each of these ex¬ 
ercises that there are a number of dots. 
These dots represent the centers for the 
different curves, that is, the points on 
which the instrument must be placed to 
draw the curves correctly. We have done 
this for the reason that the beginner in 
drawing, often has difficulty in deciding 
how large a radius he must take for 
striking a given curve. 

Wherever a pipe curves, both the inside 
and outside curves are struck from the 
same centre. This must be so of course, 
in order that the bend in the pipe may 
be of the same diameter at every point. 
The further off the center is taken, or 
in other words, the greater the radius, 
the greater the sweep the curve will have. 
Thus in Fig. 39, it will be noticed that a 
branch enters the vertical line of pipe 
just below the entrance of the waste 
from the sink, and that in doing so 
quite a wide sweep is made, the center 
for which is nearly an inch away. 

This we should draw in the following 
manner: Put in first the Y branch, which 
will give us the direction the curve has 
got to take. Next draw in the lines rep¬ 
resenting the straight run of pipe just 
under the floor. Then connect this 
straight section with the Y by means of 
the curve. After this has been done, 
draw in the hubs, erasing such of the 
lines as are not needed. In drawing the 
straight section of pipe beneath the floor, 
do not try to stop the lines at the exact 
point where the curves will meet them, 
but put them in indefinite length, and 
erase whatever runs by, after putting in 
the curves. Now, in laying out these 
drawings, if they are to be made on a 


special scale, cf course it will be neces¬ 
sary to work according to such scale, 


Fig. 40—Another Practice Drawing. 
























































































38 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


but if the drawing is simply to show the 
general manner in which the work is to 
be installed, as would more often be the 
case in making plumbing drawings, then 
we need not be so careful in making 
the layout. We will suppose in the case 
of Figs. 39, 40 and 41, that no scale is 
required. Decide first on which side of 
the fixture the main waste and vent lines 
are to be run, then draw them without 
hubs, and draw the fixture in its position. 
Very often it is best as in the case of 
the sink in Fig. 39, to show the waste at 
the further end of the sink, as it can 
readily be seen that it would be close 
work to show it properly at the other 
end. 

After having drawn the waste for the 
sink to the floor, draw in a general way 
the horizontal section of waste under the 
floor, with sufficient pitch, and from the 
course of this pipe it can be seen where 
the Y branch will have to be located. 
Then draw the Y branch beneath, and 
the branch line of pipe running into it, 
as explained above. 

Now as to putting in the offset, it will 
probably be easier to draw in the main 
line into which the vertical branches, 
and come up with the bend, before put¬ 
ting in the offset. This method would 
usually be better, though in the present 
instance it does not matter particularly. 

It will be noticed that in these exer¬ 
cises we have shown both sink and lava¬ 
tory in two positions, one in which it 
is seen from the front, and the other from 
the end. This we .do in order that the 
student may become accustomed to show¬ 


ing the work in whichever way it may 
be necessary. In the case of Fig. 41 we 
show an oval bowl. A side view of it, 
however, would not be materially differ¬ 
ent from the common round bowl. 

In Fig. 40 it will be noticed that the 



lavatory appears to set too close to the 
ceiling, and that the vertical lines of 
pipe are broken. It often happens that 
in order to economize space, fixtures 
shown in illustrations appear too close 
to the ceiling. Many times this is almost 
unavoidable if the work is to be shown on 
a good fair scale, and often in such cases, 
the pipes are broken off, to show that 
the full length or height does not appear. 




























CHAPTER VIII 


W E have given more or less space 
in this book to the consider¬ 
ation of drawings drawn to 
scale, and this brings to mind 
a suggestion along the same line, which 
may be of value. In Figs. 42 and 43, we 
show an elevation of bathroom work, with 
floor plan for the same. It will be noticed 
that the space on which these drawings 
have been made, is ruled off, into one- 
eighth inch squares. Paper ruled in this 
manner, and called co-ordinate paper, can 
be procured usually of stationers, and for 
the making of scale drawings is often very 
useful. 

In Figs. 42 and 43, we have used a scale 
of %-inch to 4-inches. In other words, each 



Sv&e \Jxe\jj 



Fig*. 44.—Showing a Side and End View of a 

Bath Tub. 

one of the spaces, whether vertical or hori¬ 
zontal, represents 4 inch on the actual 
work. 

Thus, the diameter of the soil pipe, 4 
inch, takes up a single space; the 2 inch 
pipe takes up in diameter, half of one of 


the spaces; the height of the back to the 
lavatory is 10 inches, the height of the ceil¬ 
ing from the bathroom floor is about 10 
feet, etc. These spaces might just as prop- 
rely represent 2 inches or 8 inches or any 
other dimension. It is always best, how- 




Si<le \Jve\ju 



Fig. 45.—View of a Water Closet. 

ever, to make the scale just as large as the 
amount of work to be shown, and the size 
of the paper will allow. 

It is probable that many of our readers 
in different parts of the country are al¬ 
ready familiar with this method of laying 
out drawings, for many boards of health 
require such drawings as we show in Figs. 
42 and 43, and supply paper ruled in this 
very way, on which the drawings are sub¬ 
mitted. 

Most of the practice work which we have 
heretofore presented in this book, has 
been on soil pipe work. We have reached 




39 




























40 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Fig. 42.—Each of the Spaces, Vertical or Horizontal, Represents 4 in. on the Actual Work. 















































































































































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


41 


a point now, where we need to be able to 
draw the different fixtures, and we there¬ 
fore show in Figs. 44, 45, and 46, come of 
this work. 

In Fig. 44 we show a side and an end 
view of a bath tub, for we must be pre¬ 
pared to show this or any other fixture in 
either position. 

Fig. 45 gives views of a water closet 
which is general in shape, and unless some 
particular type is to be shown on a draw¬ 
ing, this form we believe, Will be found 
easier to draw than most any other. For 


the different views of these fixtures, and 
would advise practice in constructing 
them, first, on the same scale that we 
show, and then on a larger scale, as it is 
of course necessary- to be able to draw 
work in any size, and not well to practice 
continually on the size which we give in 
the exercises. 

After devoting some time to the above 
practice, we would ask our readers to take 
up the work shown in Fig. 47, which 
brings into use the fixtures we are now 
familiar with, and in certain ways is 





















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r 





i 


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r 

r 

"'V 

v 





1 / 
















1 

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JL 






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) 





















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— 00 





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-4 

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Showing a Scale of 1 -8 inch to 4 inches, same as in Fig. 42. 


some reason or other, the washout water 
closet shown in Fig. 46, often appears in 
plumbing drawings. While saying noth¬ 
ing as to the excellence of this particular 
type, or otherwise, it is a difficult matter 
for the beginner in drawing to show it 
properly proportioned. The incorrect view 
of Fig. 46 will serve to show some of the 
common errors made in illustrating this 
style of closet, which our readers will ob¬ 
serve by comparing the same with the 
upper view. 

We have indicated by dots, the centers of 
the several curves necessary in drawing 


somewhat more difficult than preceding 
exercises. Skill in the drawing of plumb¬ 
ing work is simply a matter of practice, 
and we therefore again urge upon those 
following this series, to put in as much 
practice work as possible. If Fig. 47, or in 
fact any other work which we present, is 
on too small a scale for our readers to 
work easily, with the knowledge of the 
subject which they now possess, we would 
advise them to enlarge the size, say to 
double that which our work shows. It 
will be noticed in Fig 47, that the Y branch 
into which the bath and lavatory on the 



























































































































42 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



second floor enter, faces toward the front, 
in which case, we have the view which ap¬ 
pears. The two vent tees also face the 
front, so that the tee branch does not ap¬ 
pear, merely the circular form of the end 
of the branch. 

Again, the upper fitting in Fig. 47, 

through which the vent line enters the 
stack, stands with its branch facing the 
front, and does not show the true shape of 
it, such as we have previously given in a 
preceding chapter. 

As we have already stated, in making 
these drawings, we must be able to show 
fittings and fixtures in any position that 
we happen to meet, and while it is best to 
show them to the best advantage, it is al¬ 
most impossible to show every feature of 
a drawing of any extent, as we would 
desire. 




Sl&e Uicui 




Fig. 48—The Drawing of Washout Water 
Closet. 



















































































































CHAPTER IX 


W E have previously shown the 
proper forms for construct¬ 
ing some of the common 
fixtures. To these add in 
Figs. 48, 49, and 50, the urinal, slop 
hopper, and refrigerator. In these, besides 
showing the fixture itself, we have shown 
its connections also. We think this a good 
idea for the reason that some of our 



younger and more inexperienced readers 
may thereby be gaining a knowledge of 
sanitary methods, while gaining a knowl¬ 
edge of the subject of plumbing drawings. 

The three sketches above mentioned are 
presented as practice exercises, and inter¬ 
ested readers cannot do better than to put 
in a good allowance of time in working on 
them. 

In Fig. 48, the urinals are shown in two 


positions, as seen from the side, and from 
the front. The front view of this fixture, 
will be found rather difficult to draw, and 
to make it as easy as possible, we have 
dotted the centers of the principal curves 
used in constructing it. By placing the 
compasses on the different centers, and 
seeing which curves would probably be 
struck from the different points, we ttfink 
it can be worked out satisfactorily. 

In practicing on this work, it may be 
advisable, as we have previously sug¬ 
gested, to work on a larger scale, if the 


491 



Drawing of Refrigerator and Connections. 


43 

















































































44 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Drawing Showing Urinals in Two 
Different Positions. 


scale on which plans are illustrated is too 
small to work easily. 

In drawing the front view of the urinal, 
it will be noticed, by the way, that the 
fixture is in such a position that the waste 
is carried directly back. In this case, we 
might have dotted the waste to the floor, 
and the back air to the partition, but have 
preferred to show it in the way that It 
appears, which we believe will be clear 
enough for all purposes. There are many 
places where it is necessary to show part 
of the work by dotted lines, the dotted 
lines, of course, always signifying that 
the work thus shown is behind a wall or 
other obstruction, but the writer’s opin¬ 
ion has always been that in this line of 
work, dotted lines do not add to the ap¬ 
pearance of a drawing, and that it is bet¬ 
ter not to show them, unless the drawing 
will be made less clear by omitting them. 
Up to the present point we have confined 
ourselves entirely to lead and cast iron 
work. If we are to be able, however, to 
draw different kinds of work as it is pre¬ 
sented to us, we shall need to know how 
to show wrought iron piping, not only on 
supply work, but on back airing. After 
what instruction has been given on cast 
iron work, there is not a great deal addi¬ 
tional to be given on wrought iron. In 
Fig. 51, we give two methods of showing 
fittings, and also the two positions In 
which valves are usually seen. A side 
view of the valve shows its true shape, 
while in an end view the wheel handle 
and body represent it. In Fig. 52 Is also 
given a sketch showing errors likely to be 
made, such as giving too wide a sweep to 
the curve of an elbow, and in making tee 
branches too long. A glance at the fit¬ 
tings themselves will show wherein the 
errors mentioned exist. As to a choice 
between the use of the beaded fittings and 
the plain fittings, we believe the former 
will be found the easiest to draw. The 
reason for this is that the diameter of the 
fittings and the diameter of the pipe are 
usually made the same, while the plain 
fittings to show as fittings, must have a 
greater diameter than that of the pipe, 
and this difference between the laying out 
of the two styles of fittings means less 
work on the beaded style. 

For this reason, the writer usually pre- 












































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


45 



Two Methods of Drawing: FittingfS. 


All Fittingfs Drawn With Ends Square. 






























































































































































46 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


fers to use this fitting in the drawing of 
work in which water pipe is to be drawn. 



hut in the case of wrought iron back air 
work, is inclined to use the plain fitting, 
as shown in Fig. 53, in which is repre¬ 
sented back airing, including the main 
and the several branches. It will be no¬ 
ticed that fittings are shown in several 
different positions. For instance, the 


branch taken off the main back air where 
it offsets, comes out of the tee straight 
toward us, and then bends off at an angle 
of 45 deg., then comes out straight toward 
us again, and then runs horizontally. 
The bends used on this branch are in 
such a position that their true shape can¬ 
not be seen. If the beginner has difficulty 
at any time in seeing how different fit¬ 
tings appear when placed in certain posi¬ 
tions, let him take the fittings themselves 
and place them before him in such posi¬ 
tions as are required. In doing this, how¬ 
ever, he must remember to draw what¬ 
ever object he has before him, with the 
element of perspective entirely elimi¬ 
nated. We have referred to this before, 
but a cautionary word at this point will 
not be out of place. It will be noticed 
that all the fittings of Fig. 53, whether 
wrought iron or cast iron, are drawn with 
their ends square across, and not curved 
as they would usually appear in perspec¬ 
tive. Occasionally a part of the work will 
have to be shown in such a way, that a 
certain amount of perspective will have 
to be used, but for one unpracticed in its 
execution, it is a difficult matter to make 
such work look well, and errors on such 
work are very likely to destroy the ap¬ 
pearance of an otherwise excellent draw¬ 
ing. We are ready now, we believe, to 
take up complete elevations of different 
work, including both drainage and sup¬ 
ply, and this we shall do in the next 
chapter. 


I 


- 





















CHAPTER X 


W HILE it must be clear to our 
readers that the ability to 
make a good, clear pencil 
drawing is the chief point 
to be gained in pursuing a task 
of this kind, the ability to ink the 
drawings is also very desirable. We pre¬ 
sume that many of those interested will 
care only for the pencil work, but others 
on the contrary will be anxious to go 
further and take up inking. Inking adds 
character to a drawing, and makes the 
work much clearer than pencil can. An¬ 
other point is this—if the drawing is of 
any extent, by the time the pencilling has 
been completed, even though a hard pen¬ 
cil has been used on the work, the sheet 
has become much soiled by constant rub¬ 
bing over it of the hands, sleeves, the 
square and triangles, etc. 

Now if the drawing is inked, the whole 
surface can be gone over with a soft 
sponge rubber, which will not rub off the 
inked lines, and the sheet made perfectly 
dean, or better still, a piece of transpar¬ 
ent paper, such as thin bond paper, can be 
laid over the original pencil drawing and 
traced off onto the clean sheet. No doubt 
those who are pursuing this series have 
long before this discovered that it is al¬ 
most impossible to keep the sheet clean, 
and ofttimes the smut has made what 
would otherwise be a good piece of work, 
look rather dubious. This is to be ex¬ 
pected, and is more or less the experi¬ 
ence of skilled draughtsmen. One sug¬ 
gestion would be, as far as possible, to 
complete the work at the top of the sheet 
first, then that next lower down, etc. This 
will save rubbing over finished parts of 
the drawing. 

Another point is to see that the square 


and triangles are occasionally cleaned, as 
much of the soiling of drawings is due 
to dirt collected on these tools. In Fig. 



54 we show illustrations of the different 
drawing instruments which are necessary 
for inking. No. 1 shows a straight line 


47 










48 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


ruling pen. It is used in drawing straight 
lines and is handled in the same way 
that a pencil is used, that is, by guiding 
it against the side of a triangle or tee 



square. No. 2 is called a bow pen, and 
is used in making small and medium 
sized circles. No. 3 is an attachment used 
in inking large circles. As shown, it is 
made with a joint and is designed to slip 
into the large compasses shown in our 
first chapter, taking the place of the 
cil attachment. Each of these three in¬ 
struments is usually to be found in the 
ordinary set of drawing instruments. 

The bow pen and ruling pen are used 
constantly, and are absolutely necessary, 
while the attachment (No. 3) is made less 
use of. Common writing ink is not suit¬ 
able for drawing purposes, an India ink 
being necessary. The ink usually comes 
in such a bottle as shown in No. 1 in Fig. 
55. It will be observed that the stopper 
to the bottle is provided with a quill, 
which dips down into the ink. No. 2 in 
Fig. 55 will serve to illustrate the man¬ 
ner in which the inking instruments are 
filled with ink. The quill, which holds 
quite an amount of the ink, is touched 
lightly to the instrument, between the 
two nibs, and the ink at once flows from 
the quill and supplies the instrument, as 
the Illustration shows. 

It is best not to fill the instrument too 
full, usually not more than half as full 
as No. 2 indicates, for it is liable to flow 
too rapidly from the pen, and cause bad 
work. It will be readily understood that 
the size of the line is regulated by the lit¬ 
tle thumbscrew with which each instru¬ 
ment is supplied. By screwing the nibs 
close together a fine line is made, and a 
coarse one by releasing them. By the way, 
to those who have never had any experi¬ 
ence in inking, a word of advice as to 
the making of lines will be of benefit. The 
beginner, nine times out of ten, endeav¬ 
ors to make his lines as fine as possible. 
This the experienced draughtsman does 
not do. In the first place, the instruments 
do not work as well on fine lines. Then 
again, the drawing is not so clear, and 
in erasing, the fine lies are more liable to 
be partly rubbed out. If an illustration 
is to be made from the drawing, a good, 
heavy line is preferable, and if blue prints 
are to be taken from the drawing, light 
lines are apt to appear dim on the print, 
especially if over-exposed. Therefore, do 






















MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


49 


not make the mistake of getting the lines 
too fine. 

In Fig. 56 we have endeavored to show 
how the ruling pen should be held in 
drawing straight lines. It should be held 
as in No. 1, nearly straight, against the 
edge of triangle or tee square, and bear¬ 
ing away from it slightly, to give clear¬ 
ance between the triangle and the pen. 
If held as in No. 2, as beginners some¬ 
times do hold it, that is, with the angle 
and drawing board, the result will be that 
when the triangle is drawn away after 
the line has been made, it will draw the 
ink with it, and make a wide blot on the 
paper, as in Fig. 57. The position of the 
pen in No. 3 is wrong also, for when held 
at such an angle the ink will not flow at 
all, or If it does, the line will be a very 
poor one. 

Do not bear down hard in making ink 
lines, for the instruments if properly 
ground and properly adjusted should 
allow the ink to flow freely enough 
to make good lines, under a light pres¬ 
sure from the hand. Very often bearing 
on will serve to prevent the instru¬ 
ment from making any line whatever, 
excepting the indentation into the paper, 
and moreover, in time it will wear the 
point. Drawing ink dries very quickly 
eamphor being used in its make-up, and 
if care is not taken it will dry on the end 
of the pen and prevent the flow of ink. 

To start the ink it is a good plan to 
press the nib of the pen flatwise on the 

board, as in No. 2, Fig. 57, and unless 
too badly stopped, two or three attempts 
will usually be enough. A little moist¬ 
ure on the tip of the finger will also 
serve to start the ink. A piece of cham¬ 
ois skin or soft cloth should always be 
at hand for cleaning the ink out of the 
pens, and they should usually be cleaned 
before putting in new ink. 

It is best always to clean the pens 
after using them, for after the ink hard¬ 
ens it is much more difficult. It is also 
necessary to see that the point of the 
pen does not take up pieces of lint, etc., 
for the tiniest piece on the end of the 
pen will make sorry looking work. Of 
course it will be understood that inking 
is not done on a drawing as it is being 


laid out. The drawing is laid out just 
in pencil, and then the pencil lines inked, 
or the work traced on transparent paper, 
as we have already stated. 





















50 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




In inking a drawing, it is very essen¬ 
tial that all the curves, both large and 
small, shall be inked first. It is best 
to go through the entire drawing, put¬ 
ting in every curve, rather than to ink 
the curves of a portion of the drawing, 
then lay the bow pens and put in a few 
straight lines, etc. After putting in the 
curves, with the tee square, put in all 
the horizontal lines, then with the tri¬ 
angle put in all the vertical lines, after 
which oblique lines are drawn. This sys¬ 
tem enables the work to be done in much 
less time than would be the case if it was 
the oblique lines are drawn. This system 
enables the work to be done in much less 
time than would be the case if it was 
done hit-a-miss. After all the lines are 
in, with a common fine pen touch up the 
little points, the curves that are too 
small to be put in with instruments, etc. 
In drawing the curves do not make the 
mistake of carrying them around beyond 


the point where the straight lines should 
join them, as in No. 3 of Fig. 57, or fail 
to run the two lines together smoothly, as 
in No. 4. No. 5 shows them run together 
smoothly, as they should be. 

The reason, by the way, for putting in 
the curved lines of a drawing first, Is 
that it is much easier to make straight 
lines meet a curve than to make a curve 
connect properly into two straight lines. 

No. 6 of Fig. 57 shows two straight 
lines, the upper one being altogether too 
light and the lower one about right. In 
making dotted lines do not make them 
too coarse or too fine, as shown in the 
two upper lines of No. 7, but of medium 
length, as in the lower line. 

We have not space for the regular ex¬ 
ercises in this book, but those that are 
thinking of taking up inking cannot do 
better than practise on the inking of 
some of the more simple exercises which 
have previously been given. 




















CHAPTER XI 


W HILE taking up the subject of 
inking, it will be well to 
take up the shading of draw¬ 
ings also. This, of course, 
is not a necessity in the making of good 
drawings, at the same time it is of much 
value. A knowledge of the subject should 
be possessed by one who takes up draw¬ 
ing, and having it in his possession, he 
can use it or not, according as he deems 
best. 

Shading is used to set off a drawing, 
and to make it clearer than can be done 
with the plain work such as we have used 
up to this point. It gives character to 
the drawing, and makes it more attrac¬ 
tive. From the manner in which the 
shading appears, it can be told at once 
whether a certain part of the drawing 
represents a projection or a hole in the 
object illustrated. Thus in Fig. 58, the 
shading of No. 1 shows that it is a solid 
piece, a rectangular block for instance. 
Now, referring to No. 3 of the same 
sketch, Q, R, S, T represents a rectangular 
figure of the same size and shape as No. 
1, but shaded in a different manner. This 
shading shows us at once that Q, R, S, T is 
a rectangular hole cut in the block M, N, 
O, P, the latter being of course shaded in 
the same manner as No. 1. 

Exactly in the same way, No. 2, shows 
by its shading a tee-shaped figure, and 
No. 4, by its different shading, shows a 
hole cut in the shape of a tee in the block 
U, V, W, X. 

Also, in Fig. 59, No. 2 shows the end 
of a solid cylinder, and No. 3, by the dif¬ 
ference from No. 2 in shading represents 
a cylindrical hole bored into the end of 
the block R, S, T, U. 

Light and shade is naturally dependent 
upon the manner in which the rays of 


w 



B S 



VI 

Fi<^.59. 


61 















52 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


light fall upon an object, and in order to 
make the shading of drawings consistent 
and systematic, the rays of light must 
always be considered as coming from a 
given direction, and after determining 
upon the direction in which they are to 
come, it should not be changed. 

On this work, light may be assumed to 
come from the upper left hand corner of 
the drawing board, parallel with the sur¬ 
face of the board, and at an angle of 45 
degrees with the horizontal and vertical 
lines of the drawing. 

These rays of light are represented by 
the arrowheads of Nos. 1 and 2 in Figs. 
58 and 59. 

Any surface which these 45-degree lines 
strike is a light surface, and one which 
they do not strike is a dark surface. The 
line of intersection of two light surfaces 
is a light line, and not shaded, but the 
line of intersection of a light and a dark 
surface, or of two dark surfaces should 
be shaded. 

Lines in the drawing which are drawn 
at 45 degrees and parallel with the rays 
of light are never shaded. Referring 
again to No. 1, of Fig. 58, it will be seen 
that light strikes the lines A B and A C, 
which are therefore light lines, but be¬ 
cause the object itself presents an obsta-. 
cle to the further passage of light, the 
lines B D and C D are dark, and there¬ 
fore shaded. In the same way we can 
account for the light and heavy lines in 
No. 2. In No. 2 it will be observed that 
the arrowhead passing through the corner 
G would strike the line H K at Y. It 
will be asked why H K is not shaded 
above Y, as the lines of light do not 
strike it. According to what we have 
said on the subject, this should follow, 
but it will be seen that a line partly heavy 
and partly light would not look well, and, 
therefore, for the sake of preserving the 
system, a line of this kind and in such 
location is made light. 

Another contradiction arises of a simi¬ 
lar nature, in connection with Nos. 3 
and 4. 

It would rightly be argued that owing 
to the wall or shell surrounding the hole, 
no light would strike the lines represent¬ 
ing the rectangular hole, and therefore 
all four of those lines should be dark. 


This would not only break up the uni¬ 
formity of this system of shading, but 
such a course would fail to make the con¬ 
trast that sets out the figure as does the 


\ \ \ \ \ 



C D 


\ \ \ \ \. 






Vusaagiini m nwwn «iiiMH«riirnMH — imirfl 

o p 



Vi X 


Fre,.58. 



























MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


53 



UicAfoO. 


method followed in Nos. 3 and 4. Compar¬ 
ing Nos. 1 and 3, it will be seen that lines 
shaded in the one are light in the other, 
also in the case of Nos. 3 and 4. In No. 


1 of Pig. 59, the same difficulties or ap¬ 
parent contradictions arise that we have 
already mentioned. In such a case as 
this, in order to preserve the uniformity 
of the system, each branch must be con¬ 
sidered entirely by itself, and then there 
will be no trouble. 

In this figure, the lines AO, BO, CO, 
and D O, also the four lines, E 0, F O, G 0 
and H 0 are drawn at 45 degrees. The 
first four are drawn parallel to the direc¬ 
tion of the rays of light, and are there¬ 
fore not shaded, but in the case of the 
latter four, although drawn at 45 degrees, 
they are not parallel to the rays of light, 
and should therefore be treated as any 
other lines would. 

In the case of the shading of circles, 
the reasoning is no different from that 
followed in the shading of straight lines. 
Those rays that strike the circle on a 
tangent determine the points at which 
the shading should begin. In shading a 
circle, draw in the light circle first, then 
with the same radius take a new center 
at an angle of 45 degrees from the first 
center, the distance between the two cen¬ 
ters determining the width of the shade 
line at its widest point. 

In No. 2, the second center is taken 
above, and in No. 3 below the first center. 
In putting in the second circle, use the 
same size of line as in the first, and fill 
in the space between them. In Fig. 60 
we give exercises in shading, which will 
serve to show how the principles which 
we have discussed above, are applied on 
the shading of plumbing drawings. 

In putting in the shade lines, they are 
usually drawn heavy at the outset, but it 
may. possibly ba easier for beginners to 
ink their drawings in the usual way, aad 
then go over the lines to be shaded after¬ 
ward, making them several times heavier 
than the light lines. If those who do not 
take up the inking care to do so they may 
shade their pencil drawings by using on 
the heavy lines a very soft pencil. 

In inking shaded drawings it is custo¬ 
mary to put in the light horizontal lines 
first, then the heavy lines, and so with 
the vertical lines. This method will save 
the trouble of changing the adjustment on 
the pen so frequently, and will result in 
more even work. 






















































54 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


55 


It will be found that very often a draw¬ 
ing will look better if the finer work, 
such as the supply pipes, etc., are not 
shaded, only the fixtures and larger con¬ 
nections being thus treated. 

In Fig. 61 we give the elevation of the 


plumbing system for a cottage house, the 
work being shaded. This is the first com¬ 
plete elevation that we have given as an 
elevation, but we believe that those who 
have followed foregoing instructions will 
have no difficulty in making this drawing. 


CHAPTER XIJ 


^HE method of shading which we 

t gave in the preceding chapter is 
easy to handle, and it certain¬ 
ly is of value in making the 
drawing very clear and distinct. There 
is also another method of shading, which, 
however, is much more difficult of execu¬ 
tion. 

This style of shading we show in Figs, 
62, 63 and 64, and in order to be able to 
use it to good effect, considerable expe¬ 
rience and practice is necessary. It is 
used more for ornamental purposes than 
for practical purposes, but still, no book 
on drawing would be complete without 
some attention to it. It is seldom or 
never that a drawing of any extent would 
be shaded throughout in this manner, 
but our readers will find, if they do much 
in the way of drawing, that its use will 
often be a valuable aid in showing up 
apparatus of different kinds, portions of 
plain drawings that are desired to be 
brought out with great clearness, etc. 

In the use of this shading, tnere are 
exact rules that are laid down as to the 
point which should be shaded heaviest, 
as well as lightest. It will be sufficient, 
however, for our purposes to make this 
instruction very brief and to the point. 

The results seen in Nos. 1 and 2, of Fig. 
62, are obtained by' giving the greatest 
shade effect to the right hand side of 
the figure, the lightest point being about 
midway, and the left hand side being 
shaded somewhat, though not so heavily 
as the right hand side. These two figures 
represent solid cylindrical figures. No. 
3, a hollow cylindrical figure is shaded in 
exactly an opposite manner, that is, with 
the heaviest shading at the left, medium 
shade effect at the right, but with the 
lightest point still near the center. No. 
4, a horizontal solid cylinder, is shaded 





56 
















































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


57 




Tig*. 64. 
























































































































































































































Sketch of Elevation of Hot and Cold Water Supply System For a Two-Flat House. 







































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


heavy at the bottom, and medium at the 
top, while No. 5, a horizontal hollow cyl¬ 
inder is shaded in an opposite manner, 
as will readily be seen. Additional ef¬ 
fect is gained by using the heavy shade 
lines as described in the preceding ar¬ 
ticle. 

In drawing these shade lines, the ef¬ 
fect of shade is gained entirely by the 
closeness of the lines together, the heavy 
shading being produced by drawing the 
lines closely together and the light shad¬ 
ing by giving considerable space between 
the lines, additional effect being given by 
breaking the lines as appears on most of 
the figures. The skill in doing this work 
comes from the ability to vary the spaces 
between the lines in such a manner that 
the figure will appear cylindrical at all 

points, and nowhere fiat, as it would if 

• 

the spacing was not varied continually. 

The greater the diameter of the cylin¬ 
drical figure, the greater should be the 
space between lines at the lightest point. 
The proper spacing of these lines is gained 
only from practice, it being a thing that 
cannot be reached from any exact instruc¬ 
tions, or from measurement. 

To those who are not interested in the 
inking of drawings, we would say that 
this shading can be done also with lead 
pencil. In Fig. 63, No. 1 shows an el¬ 
bow shaded. The curved lines are all 
struck from the one center, and should 
be put in first, and the straight lines con¬ 
nected with them afterward. In shading 
branches, as Nos. 2 ard 3, the lines of 
intersection should be drawn in first, and 


5S, 

the shade lines of the branch should end 
at those lines. 

Fig. 64 shows the principle of line 
shading applied to a system of piping. 

As we have already intimated, this 
work is more ornamental than otherwise, 
and a knowledge of its use will often be 
found handy. As our regular practice ex¬ 
ercise, we give this time, Fig. 65, an ele¬ 
vation of the hot and cold water supply 
system for a two-flat house, and have 
shown the lines of pipe as single lines, 
the cold pipes being represented by solid 
lines, and the hot by dotted lines. This 
method is often preferable to using two 
parallel lines to show the pipe, as it is 
simpler to draw, takes less time, and often 
shows off the work fully as clearly. It 
will be understood that our illustrations 
being designed for reproduction as cuts in 
a paper, have to be drawn in black ink. 
Under ordinary conditions, different col¬ 
ored inks could be used to advantage, 
however. For instance, instead of dot¬ 
ting the hot water pipes, as we have to 
in this case to make our distinction from 
the cold water, the hot water pipe might 
be put in with solid red lines, with good 
effect. If desirable, a back air system 
might be put in with one color, while a 
different color was used on the drainage 
part of the work. 

Sometimes, also, it is required to make 

a drawing in which part of the work is 
old work, and the rest new work. In this 
case, one color to show the old and am 
other to show the new, makes good work, 
and is more readily distinguished. 


CHAPTER XIII 


W E have said nothing so far 
concerning sectional draw¬ 
ings, but as they constitute a 
valuable aid in the clear rep¬ 
resentation of many kinds of work, it 
will be worth our while to devote some 
space to their consideration. From a 
comparison of Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 66, we 
shall be able to see wherein the value of 
sectional drawings lies. 

No. 1 represents a Fuller bibb, and 
the dotted lines represent .the inside 
working parts. 

No. 2 represents the same thing, but in¬ 
stead of drawing a plain view as in No. 
1, the bibb is considered to be cut through 
along the center line, and the front half 
set aside. This allows a full view of 
the other half. A sectional view of the 
bibb is a view of this half section such 
as No. 2 gives, and it will be seen at once 
that the sectional view is far clearer than 
that shown by No. 1. To show that it is 
a sectional drawing, the part that is cut 
through is always sectioned or cross- 
hatched. By this is meant the parallel 
lines drawn close together, which desig¬ 
nate the body of the bibb. These lines 
may be drawn with either the 45 deg. or 
30 deg. triangle. Every point of any 
given piece should be sectioned in the 
same way. For instance, the inlet end 
of the bibb, which screws onto the body, 
is represented in the drawing by a sec¬ 
tion of metal above the center, and one 
below, both of which, being a part of the 
same piece, should be sectioned by lines 
drawn in the same direction and at the 
same angle. It is often the case that 
these sections are represented by differ¬ 
ent colors instead of section lines, the dif¬ 
ferent colors representing different pieces 
of the article in question. 

When section lines are used, and the 
different sectioned parts are in contact 


with each other, the sections of neigh¬ 
boring pieces must be made by reversing 
the triangle, and drawing the lines at op¬ 
posite angles, just as No. 2 shows. It 
will be observed that in drawing the sec- 



ITlGv. bb. 


tion the working parts have been drawn 
plain, and not in section. The idea is al¬ 
ways to make any drawing show the ob¬ 
ject it is made to represent with the 
greatest possible amount of clearness,.and 
it will be found in this case that the bibb 
is shown much more clearly by leaving 
the working parts plain, instead of sec- 


60 











































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


61 



^1^.67 

tioning them in the manner that the rest 
of the bibb is seen. 

No. 1 of Fig. 67 represents a sectional 
view of a certain type of water closet. In 
this case the whole section is of one piece 
only, and in such a case, a solid black 
section looks well. This could not be sec¬ 
tioned in this manner if there were sev¬ 
eral parts to be sectioned for in using a 
solid color, there would be no way of 
making a distinction between the several 
parts. In plumbing drawings it is often 
required to represent water, and we 
know of no better way than that shown 
in connection with the water closet, that 
is by horizontal light lines, made up of 
alternate dots and dashes. It will be 
observed that in a sectional view of the 
water closet, the flushing rim would be 
cut through at either end, but the main 
part of the rim, curving backward as it 
does, away from the line of sectioning, 
would be drawn in full, in the manner in 
which we show it. No. 2 represents a 


line of soil pipe underground. A full 
black section looks well on such work, 
better in fact than the section lines, 
which are really used mostly on larger 
surfaces. To distinguish the lead joints 
from the pipe, they are made with small 
dots. The concrete floor may be made 
as we have indicated, and the ground 
surrounding the pipe in an indefinite 
manner, by having short lines made with 
the drawing pen, and interspersed with 
lines made with a common pen. 

In Fig. 68 we have represented part of 
the base of a water closet, connected by 
brass flange of a certain style, with the 
lead bend; the fixture being vented from 
the bend. This we give to show the sec¬ 
tion of several different materials brought 
together on the same drawing. 

It is a common thing with draughts¬ 
men, to use certain different styles of sec¬ 
tion for different metals, especially in 
the drawings of machines, but for our 
use this is unnecessary, the main point 
being the use of such styles of sectioning 
as will clearly distinguish the different 
parts of the same drawing, one from the 
other. Thus in Fig. 68 the crockery is 
shown in section by dot and dash lines, 
the rubber gaskit by a fine dotted sur¬ 
face, the brass flange by 45 deg. section 
lines, the solder sections by 45 deg. lines 
drawn in the opposite directions, the lead 
by solid black surface, and the wood by 
lines representing the grain of wood. It 
will be noticed that the back air pipe is 
in sections only a short distance up, after 




























































62 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



tH? Z. 


w?e>. 



VA<? T. 


Fid*. 69. 

which it is drawn in the usual way. This 
is often the case, and a division between 


the sectioned and unsectioned parts is 
made by an irregular section, as shown. 

Another point which will be of value to 
the plumber in making drawings of dif¬ 
ferent fixtures, fittings, etc., is the mak¬ 
ing of threads. This we show in Fig. 69. 
No. 1 represents a right-hand V thread. 
The tool that is used in cutting this kind 
of thread is sharpened or ground on its 
cutting point at an angle of 60 aeg. Con¬ 
sequently, in drawing the threads they 
are made at this same angle. If it is de¬ 
sired to do this work with exactness, the 
number of threads to the inch is first 
found,-eight being the number used in 
our illustration. 

The upper line is then laid off into 
one-eighth inch spaces and the lower line 
also, the latter, however, being spaced 
one-half space or one-sixteenth in this 
case, in advance of the upper spaces. 
This is to give a pitch to the thread, for 
otherwise the thread would be straight 
up and down.^- 

Having laid out the spaces, put in the 
Vs, using for this purpose the 30 deg. 
triangle. 

All the lines sloping in one direction 
and first put in, and then the triangle is 
reversed and the lines pointing the oppo¬ 
site way drawn in. 

The outside and inside points are then 
connected by straight lines. No. 2 shows 
a left-hand thread. The layout for both 
is the same, the distinction between right 
and left hand threads being gained by 
properly connecting the long cross lines. 

Nos. 3 and 4 show the two kinds of 
thread drawn in a vertical position, and 
No. 5 shows a method often used for in¬ 
dicating a thread, where it is not desired 
to use so much time as is necessary in 
laying out a regular thread. 

No. 6 shows a sectional view of a 
threaded piece, and No. 7 a sectional 
view of a hollow piece threaded on the 
outside. Naturally, in a sectional view, 
the lines connecting the top and bottom 
of the threads are not seen, the V only 
being shown. 

Owing to lack of space, we omit the 
regular exercise for this article, and 
would advise in its place, practice on sec¬ 
tions and threads. 

























































































CHAPTER XIV 


A FTER having in the last few 
articles diverged somewhat from 
the line that we had been follow¬ 
ing, we will in this article take 
up again the consideration of complete 
elevations of plumbing work. In Fig. 
70 we gives the floor plan of a three- 
flat apartment house. As each of the 
three floors are identical in their layout, 
the one floor plan is all that is required 


the work with as great clearness as is to 
be desired. 

For instance, if a side view of the entire 
system were to be made, that is, a view 
taken by looking in the direction in which 
the arrow A points, the bath-room work 
would show plainly, in fact to its best 
advantage, but the pantry sink coming in 
front of the range boiler would tend to 
complicate and confuse the drawing of 



YiGv : m 


in this line, as it answers for all. In ad¬ 
dition Fig. 71 shows the cellar plan for 
the same work, the drainage pipes only 
being shown, however, as in this work 
we have no use for other details. 

A careful study of the floor plan will 
show that the arrangement of the plumb¬ 
ing is such that no one view of the whole 
plumbing system will show all parts of 


each of the two fixtures, and the same 
thing would be true of the kitchen fix¬ 
tures. At this latter point the kitchen 
sink, wash trays and refrigerator would 
each stand in line with the other, if 
viewed in the direction of the arrows, A 
and C, and the drawing resulting from 
such a view would be so confused, owing 
to the many lines, that it could hardly 


63 



































64 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


be understood, even from careful study. 
In fact, the refrigerator would hide the 
other fixtures from view, and if shown 
at all, the sink and wash trays with their 
connections would have to be shown by 
dotted lines. Then again, the main lines 
of waste and back air serving the kitchen 
fixtures would also come in line with each 
other, and this as we already know, does 
not make the drawing any clearer. Conse¬ 
quently, conditions being as they are, it 
is advisable to make separate elevations 
of the different parts of the work. 

An elevation of the kitchen work can 
be shown to best advantage by taking a 


bottom. The only additional point that 
the view of the remainder of the waste 
would show is the connection of the verti¬ 
cal and horizontal lines through Y branch 
and bend, with cleanout. The line of 
pantry sinks is shown in elevation in Fig. 
73, and this view is tak<;n from a direc¬ 
tion exactly opposite to the direction of 
the arrow B. A sid. view might have 
been taken of this part of the work, our 
reason for choosing the one shown, being 
to bring out a point concerning the main 
lines of vent and waste. In Fig. 73 they 
are one behind the other, the vent being 
in front. Being of the same diameter, 





front elevation of it, that is, by viewing 
the work from the direction in which the 
arrow B points. 

The refrigerator line can also be includ¬ 
ed in this elevation, which we show in 
Fig. 72. 

It will be seen that we have not shown 
the fixtures and connections of the kit¬ 
chen work on the second floor. Nothing 
is to be gained by showing this part of 
the elevation, as it is identical with the 
work on the third floor, and it is omitted 
for the sake of economizing space. For 
this same reason we have not shown the 
full line of waste to the point where it 
enters the horizontal line on the cellar 


one hides the other, so that wherever 
the vent line runs, only a part of the 
hubs on the waste can show. If it had 
not been for bringing out this point we 
should have chosen a side view of this 
work. Just as in Fig. 72, we have omit¬ 
ted the second floor work. 

Sometimes it is advisable to show in 
connection with an elevation, the hori¬ 
zontal line in the cellar. On these two 
elevations we have omitted it, however, 
and for two reasons. 

In the first place, this additional work 
would make our illustrations take up 

more space than we wish to devote to 

* 

them, and then again, by reference to the 




























* 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


cellar plan, a perfectly clear idea can b£ 
gained of this part of the work, which 
would make its appearance on the eleva¬ 
tion somewhat superfluous. 

In the following chapter we shall show 


65 

an elevation of work in the bath room. 

The four illustrations in this chapcer 
will make good practice work, but it w*U 
probably be advisable to draw them oi* a 
larger scale, perhaps double size. 




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Yig,. 73. 

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CHAPTER XV 


I N the preceding chapter we showed 
elevations of the work of a three- 
flat apartment building, including 
the kitchen fixtures, pantry sinks 
and refrigerators. Owing to lack of 
space we omitted the elevation of the 
bath room work, and this we now show in 
Fig. 74. 

In showing an elevation of the three- 
flat apartment work, we brought out the 


To clearly demonstrate this point, we 
show in Fig. 75 a floor plan of the same 
work that we showed in connection with 
the work of the preceding article, the lay¬ 
out of the floor plan being identical, and 
the only difference being a change in the 
location of the sink and laundry tubs 
to another side of the kitchen. Now then, 
in Fig. 76 we give an elevation of the 
entire plumbing work of the apartment 



FlGi.75. 


point that it often occurs that a complete 
elevation of the plumbing work of any ex¬ 
tent cannot be shown to the best advan¬ 
tage by taking a view of all parts of the 
work from one direction, and that it is 
often best, and indeed almost necessary 
to a clear understanding of the drawing, 
to make separate views of different sec¬ 
tions of the work, viewing each section 
from the most advantageous position. 


shown in Fig. 75. It will be observed 
that in order to obtain this elevation the 
work must be viewed looking in the direc¬ 
tion in which the arrow B points. In 
this particular layout of the work the en¬ 
tire elevation is clearly shown from one 
view, and it does not become necessary 
to make separate elevations of the differ¬ 
ent lines of fixtures viewed from differ¬ 
ent directions. It is somewhat unusual 


66 




















MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


67 



this way, of work of such extent, but 
whenever possible, this course should be 
followed. A glance at Fig. 75 will show 
that while the bath room and kitchen fix- 


very nearly so, the pantry sink and re¬ 
frigerator are off at one side, but at the 
same time are so located as to show to 
advantage in the elevation. However, 












































































































68 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


there is nothing in the elevation to show 
that the refrigerator occupies a position 
in front of the bath room and kitchen fix¬ 
tures, and nothing to show this point in 
relation to the pantry sink excepting the 
fact that the waste and vent stacks serv¬ 
ing the pantry sink cross the pipes of the 
other fixtures in front of them. Further¬ 
more, even this latter fact is of little im¬ 
portance, for it does not show how far in 
front the pantry sink is. To ascertain 
this fact, and the location of the refriger¬ 
ator, we must look to a plan of the work, 
that is, to Fig. 75. This goes to show 
that from no single view can all the facts 
relating to the work be found, and this is 
true of the most simple object we can 
think of. For instance, we can place a 
hoard directly in front of us, and at once 
observe its length and its width, but in 
order to know its thickness, we must 
look down upon its edge, in order to get 
at its thickness. This is a most im¬ 
portant fact to understand thoroughly, 
and a proper understanding of this feature 
of the work will go a long way to aid in 
understanding just how important to each 
other the plan and the elevation are, and 
why one is as necessary as the other. 

Thus far we have been speaking of the 
elevation shown in Fig. 76, which is taken 
looking in the direction of arrow B. Now 
suppose we had viewed the work from 
the direction of arrow A. We should get 
the result shown in Fig. 77, which to say 
the least is very unsatisfactory to a clear 
understanding of the work. Looking in 
the direction of A, the fixtures in the hath 
room, and in the kitchen are one behind 
the other, and as they must be shown in 
this way on the elevation, the result is 
very confusing and of little value as com¬ 
pared with the elevation of the same 
work shown in Fig. 76. If the kitchen 
fixtures had been shown in this elevation 
(Fig. 77) the confusion of lines would 
have been still greater. Even the bath 
trap shows *very poorly, and as for show¬ 
ing the vent from this trap, it is almost 
impossible to do so clearly in this view. 
The only way in which it could be done 
with even a moderate amount of success 
is to work out the view on a much larger 
scale than is practicable. We believe 


that these remarks will give an idea to 
the student of the importance of selecting 
the right direction from which to view 
the different sections of the work. 






































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


69 


As far as practice work on this article 
is concerned the student will do well to 
take as his exercises Figs. 74 and 75 and, 
if he chooses, Fig. 76 also, but he should 
work on a scale of about twice the size 
of the drawings which we show. 


It is not our intention to present Fig. 
77 as a practice exercise. As we have 
mentioned previously, if the student is 
inking his drawings, he should remember 
to draw in his curved lines before doing 
anything with the straight lines. 






































































CHAPTER XVI 


O NE of the most important benefits 
to be derived from a knowledge 
of drawing as applied to the 
plumber, is the ability to take 
a set of plans and from those plans 
make views of the work indicated, 
as it will actually appear. We do 
not mean to infer that every plan of 
ordinary work will receive this attention 


nection with the drawing from house 
plans, the figuring of stock on the same 
work. 

In Figs. 78, 79 and 80 we show respec¬ 
tively the cellar plan, first floor and sec¬ 
ond floor plans of a double house. We 
do not present these plans as finished 
architectural plans, for we appreciate 
that many minor details of house con- 



Fig. 78—Cellar Plan, Double House 




from the plumber who is able to make 
such drawings, but even though he 
should seldom put his knowledge of the 
subject into actual use, the insight he has 
gained concerning the relation* of plans 
and elevations will help him wonderfully 
in the figuring of work. This leads us to 
state that we shall soon take up in con¬ 


struction are omitted, our aim being to 
present chiefly the details necessary to 
the plumber. It will be good practice 
for the student to draw up these plans 
on a larger scale. We have not drawn 
them at any given scale, but when we 
come to the figuring of work, a definite 
scale will be necessary. From the cellar 


70 










□DID 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


71 



Tig.T 9 . 

\st>. "Floor Tws.-w. 

VLonjS'b. 



Fia. BO. 

ZTVD> YLOOL TLfSJtA 

X> OTJBLB TA 0\J SE. 

























































72 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



plan. Pig. 78, the main drain and 
branches and risers with their respective 
sizes can be found. Prom Fig. 81, which 
shows the elevation of the house, can be 
found the total height of the building, 
the distance between floors, the pitch of 
the roof, etc. Thus far, such a view as 
that given in Fig. 81, we have made little 
use of, but in scale drawings such as we 
must use in figuring work, it is of as 
much importance as the preceding views, 
for only from the elevation can the 
lengths of risers, etc., be obtained. From 
the two floor plans, it will be noticed that 


the plumbing is so arranged that there 
are four groups of fixtures. Each set of 
kitchen fixtures is separate from the oth¬ 
er, with its own stack, while the two lav¬ 
atories in the toilet rooms enter one 
stack, and the two bath rooms also one 
stack. In Fig. 82 we give the elevation 
of the work on one of the kitchen stacks. 
As the other kitchen work is the same, 
it is not necessary to show bath. The 
connection of the kitchen stack with the 



Fig. 82.—Elevation of Plumbing 1 in Kitchen. 






































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


73 



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Fig*. 83.—Elevation of Plumbing in Toilet 

Room. 

horizontal line in the cellar we show en¬ 
larged in size in Fig. 85 of our next arti¬ 


cle. In order to economize space we show 
the stack cut off with broken lines on the 
second floor and in the attic, and bring 
the roof and attic floor and attic floor 
and second floor closer together than the 
work below. This is often done where it 
is desired to save space. In Fig. 83 is 
given the elevation of the toilet room 
work, the figure showing the two lavator¬ 
ies back to back, and the stack going up 
in the partition. That this stack does 
pass up in the partition is shown from 
the location of this stack in the two floor 
plans. As there is in the cellar a stone 
or brick wall dividing the cellar space, 
and as this wall is directly beneath the 
partition above, it will be seen that an 
offset in the stack is necessary at the first 
floor. 

The connection of the toilet room stack 
is shown in enlarged detail in Fig. 86 of 
our next article. 

It will be quickly seen by the student 
that the clearest view of the toilet room 
work can be obained by viewing it from 
the direction of the arrow C in Fig. 79. 
A view taken at right angles to this would 
show one lavatory behind the other, and 
the result of such view would not be 
nearly as clear as the one given. 

In the view shown by Fig. 83 the Y 
branch into which the waste of the two 
fixtures is carried, points toward the 
front instead of sidewise, and shows in 
the manner given. 

In getting Fig. 82 the work was viewed 
looking in the direction in which arrow 
A points in Fig. 79. This shows the two 
fixtures side by side, and not one in front 
of the other. We shall consider the bath 
room work and the enlarged details of 
special parts of this work in the next 
chapter. 









































( 


CHAPTER XV!J 


I N Fig. 84 of this article is shown the 
elevation of the bath room work 
as located in the second floor plan 
of double house (Fig. 80) of the 
preceding chapter. 

This view is taken looking in the direc¬ 
tion in which the arrow B points in Fig. 
80. Any other view of the work would 
show the fixtures one behind the other, 
and would make* a very confused and in¬ 
distinct drawing. 



Fig. 85. 


The only disadvantage in viewing the 
work as we have, is that the bath room 
fixtures on the other side of the house 
come directly behind those shown in our 
drawing, and therefore cannot be repre¬ 
sented. In this case, however, it is not 
essential that more than one of the two 
sets of fixtures should be shown, for the 
two are exactly alike, and no additional 
benefit is to be derived from showing the 
rest of this work. 

The connection of the bath room stack 
into the main drain in the cellar is shown 
enlarged in Fig. 86. 

As in the case of the toilet room stack 
of our last article the location of the bath 


room stack, on the two floor plans, shows 
that it must be offset on the first floor, to 
get around the dividing wall. While it is 
impossible on the drawing itself to show 
that a double T Y is used for the two wa¬ 
ter closets, and a double Y for the other 


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Fig .86. 


74 










































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


75 


fixtures, it will be noticed that these mat¬ 
ters are made known by lettering on the 
room fixtures is carried into the attic be¬ 
fore entering the main stack, instead of 
entering it in the bath room. This is 
often done and even required in some 
cities, to provide means of properly vent¬ 
ing fixtures that may be installed above 


at some future time, as may be required. 

Now let us turn our attention to the 
enlarged details of special parts of the 
work, as shown in Figs. 85, 86 and 87. It 
often happens that drawings drawn on a 
small scale, such as we must use in our 
illustrations of these articles, cannot 
show fully enough certain details, and in 


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Fig. 84 .—Illustration Showing Elevation of Plumbing in a Bath Room. 






































































76 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




such a case, it is customary to show a 
special drawing of such part of the work 
enlarged. 

In the case of Fig. 85, the horizontal 
line runs so close up to the cellar wall 
that there is no chance to use an end 
cleanout, and a horizontal cleanout must 


be used. As so often happens in an archi¬ 
tect’s plans, this cleanout has not been 
shown on the cellar plan, as it should be. 
This simply shows that wherever detail 
drawings are given they should be given 
full attention. 

Concerning Fig. 86, all there is to be 































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


77 


said is that this foot connection cannot 
be shown on a cellar plan with any de¬ 
gree of clearness, and it is necessary 
either to give a detail or to show the con¬ 
nection on the respective elevations. 

Regarding Fig. 87, it will be seen on 
referring to the cellar plan, Fig. 78 of the 
preceding article, that on this plan the 
fresh air inlet would show directly above 
the main drain, and therefore to show 
clearly an elevation of this part of the 
work must be given. 

It will be good practice for the student 
to work out all the work shown in this 
chapter. 



Fig. 84 can be shown twice as large as 
given, but the remaining sketches can be 
drawn up in the same size as we present 
them. 

We might add here, that in working up 
his drawings, the student would do well 
to practice lettering, following the style 
of lettering used on our illustrations, for 
it is a fact that a man may make a fine- 
looking drawing and spoil its entire ap¬ 
pearance by poor lettering. 



in Two Positions. 


Fig. 88 






















































































CHAPTER XVIII 


F OE the work on this chapter and 
the one following, we propose to 
take up the plumbing of a resi¬ 
dence, and show it in full, be¬ 
lieving as we do, that this branch of 
the work is fully as important to the 
plumber as any that we have taken up. 
For this purpose we show a full set of 
plans for such a residence, Fig. 1 repre¬ 
senting the cellar plan, Figs, 2 and 3 and 
4 the floor plans, and Fig. 5 the front 
view or elevation. 

In this and the following chapter we 
shall show separate elevations of the dif¬ 
ferent stacks, in each case taking these 



Crt-x, xfc T? 1**0* 
OF 'B.'E.SLDFYLCF. 



oo 










ooitl 


I 


Boilvi 


Vvri.TO-6 

YLoonx 


s. <L, 


\ST. YI4OOR 

OF TTe* SYD-E.TIC-E. 

views from the most advantageous point 
of view, and before leaving the subject 
of the plumbing for this residence, we 
shall show a single elevation of the en¬ 
tire work of the house, taken from one 
view point. Now in Fig. 6 we shew an 
elevation of the work in the kitchen on 
the first floor, and the laundry in the 
cellar. These fixtures are so located that 
they can be shown to advantage in the 
one view, which is obtained by viewing 
the work from the direction of the arrow 
E5, which appears on both cellar and first 
floor plan. 

Instead of using up valuable space in 
showing floors above the first floor, and 


78 























MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


79 



OT ~R_‘E* ‘LID'E.XILC'E* 



Tag,. 



also the roof, in order to show the roof 
connection for this stack, and also for the 
one in Fig. 7 we show by a note how they 
are 1*> be run. 

Fig. 7 represents an elevation of the 
water closet located in the cellar, and the 
toilet room located on the first floor. The 
stack serving the toilet room passes up 
on one of the cellar piers, as shown by 
the cellar plan, and this fact is also 
shown on the elevation. The stack Is run 
on the first floor through the closet, and 
also through closet on the two floors 
above. This stack is designated on the 
several floor plans as stack B. Now if the 
student will measure with his dividers 
from the side of the first floor plan (Fig. 
2) to the center of this stack, and then 
do the same thing on the second floor 
plan (Fig. 3) he will find that on the 
latter the stack is located further to the 
left. This is in order that the stack may 
be run in a convenient place, and at once 
shows that at the second floor the stack 




"Floor FlNU 
or Yte S UD'EiTl C/E* 


Yxlotvx 

o-e TLrl SrD”E»Tx 





































































































































80 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


must be offset toward the right. A 
glance at the third floor plan will show 
the location of B is the same as on the 
second plan, showing that from the latter 
point it runs straight up. 

The work shown in Fig. 7 is obtained 


water closet wastes, would appear end¬ 
wise instead of giving a clear view from 
the side, as it now does. However, in 
taking the view as we have, it brings the 
lavatory in the toilet room behind the 
water closet, and the main vent line be- 


3‘Ua_c'K_ caLtritd. o -va. 

too 4 . a_rz_CL- iTLcrt.a.siTi.p to 
4T act. 


, a_rz_CL- in.crt.a.siTu<g ic 
Otd_ Jloor C.fc-VLi-TCC-g. 



6. YlTCEViVT A OH. OF YLT.TlCH.-aTM 

Yk £^XJ IT B.HS. 


NN 3D 


by viewing it in the direction of the arrow 
F, which appears in the cellar and first 
floor plans. The reason for choosing this 
direction instead of one at right angles 
to it, is that in the latter the 4-inch pipe 
under the cellar bottom, into which the 


hind the main stack, but this is not a 
serious matter in the least, for wherever 
hidden, as in this case, the work can be 
shown by dotted lines. Fig. 5, which we 
shall use later on, gives all necessary 
vertical dimensions, the several floors be- 



































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


81 


ing represented by the letters E, F, G, 
and H, and the points on the roof where 
the several stacks come up being shown 
by the letters A, B, C, and D. This latter 
information will be valuable in figuring 


stack, as the vertical runs of pipe can 
be found by noting at what heights the 
stacks come through the roof. 

We would advise the student to practice 
on all the work shown in illustrations. 



7. l oR ook. 

ClaO^T. 


















































































CHAPTER XIX 


T O complete the elevations showing 
the plumbing work of the resi¬ 
dence which was taken up in 
the chapter preceding this, we 

have prepared Figs. 8, 9 and 10. Fig. 9 
shows the elevation of the two lavatories 


the method shown in the elevations of the 
last article. While in this series our 
chief attention is given to the matter of 
drawing, it is our intention also to show 
work of varied nature, hence the two 
methods mentioned above. 



Y I-Co. 9 OT SsKVAKTS 

TCo Q>T>X - Ci)-FL3D. Tt-OOiL. 


served by stack G on the second and third 
floors. In this elevation we have shown 
the main line of back air pipe connected 
at its lower end, back into the stack, 
which makes a better piece of work than 


The only other point in connection with 
Fig. 8 that we wish to bring out is the 
view which is obtained of the two lava¬ 
tory traps. The view of these two fix¬ 
tures is taken in the direction of the 


82 






































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


83 


arrow “L” which shows in Figs. 3 and 4. 
Viewed from this direction, the traps 



Fig. 8. ‘Ei'l'E.vajtioia of 

2.nd. amd 5kd Floofl 


do not stand so that their full shape ap¬ 
pears, but as shown in Fig. 8. While 
strictly adhering as a general thing to 
the exact appearance of an object of this 
nature in our work, it will often be found 
of advantage to depart from this rule, 
and in such a case as this, to show the 
shape of the trap. Instead of showing 
the two bath rooms on the second and 
third floors in one elevation, we show each 
separately in Figs. 9 and 10. This is 
done simply to save space. The third 
floor or servants’ bath room is viewed 
along the direction of arrow M in Fig. 4, 
which gives us a very clear view of the 
work. In this view the main back air 
line stands in front of the main stack, 
and we attach a note showing where the 
connection of the former with the latter 
may be found. In the same way we 
show a note on Fig. 5 indicating where 
the upper connection between these two 
lines of pipe may be seen. As this shows, 
a note of this kind may often take the 
place of the drawing itself. The view 
shown by Fig. 10 is taken along arrow 

















































































84 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


M in Fig. 3, and as compared with Fig. 
9, does not show the worK so clearly, al¬ 
though to the best advantage considering 
the relative locations of tnose fixtures. 
In our next article we shall show one 
complete elevation of the entire work of 
this residence, from which comparison 
may be made as to clearness of view and 
distinct understanding of the work, with 
the method of showing the same work in 
separate elevations, as we have just done. 

We believe that we have reached a point 


be shown to the best possible advantage. 

We have shown the piping in the cellar 
as a single line, and it would be well to 
elaborate this part of the work in re¬ 
drawing the cellar plan, showing the 
piping by double lines, as we have gen¬ 
erally done in our previous drawings, and 
showing all fittings. 

As will be seen from these plans, the 
plumbing of the house consists of the 
wash trays in the cellar, the kitchen and 
pantry sinks on the first floor, and ♦he 



now where the student of this series of 
articles will have had enough experience 
to enable him to go ahead and work out 
the proper views of a simple plumbing 
system with little help from the writer. 

To this end we submit Figs. 11, 12, 13 
and 14, showing the cellar and floor plans 
and front elevation of a cottage house. 
It is expected that after drawing up these 
plans on a larger scale the student will 
make the necessary views by which the 
entire plumbing system of the house may 


three bathroom fixtures on the second 
floor. Show on this work, roof connec¬ 
tions and increase of size of stack where 
necessary, also connection of main vent 
into stack if the work is to be so con¬ 
structed. Also show the work at the 
front cellar wall clearly. We would ad¬ 
vise including the wash trays and kitchen 
sink in one elevation, and the bath room 
fixtures and pantry sink in another. The 
student must use his judgment in select¬ 
ing the right point for viewing each part 














































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


85 



"Flk.st "Floor Plall 
OF CoTLTAwCa.'E, KoUSL, 



Shcoicd Floor Plak 


or Cottage PA.o\j sl 


of the work so that the drawing will 
show the work as clearly as possible. 

The elevation of the house shown in 
Fig. 14 shows by the letters A and B just 
how high up on the roof the two stacks 
come through, and by the letters G, D, E, 
and F the several floors. 

Such work as this, we believe, will be 
of the greatest benefit to any man follow¬ 
ing this series, and we believe that if he 
has followed carefully what has gone be¬ 
fore, in the preceding chapters, he can 
handle the work without much difficulty. 



tloll op Cottage. PLoltse*. 













































































































































































































\ 


CHAPTER XX 


I N Fig. 105 we present the elevation 
mentioned m the preceding chap¬ 
ter. As will he clearly seen, this 
one elevation shows the entire 
plumbing system for the residence, which 
we have been considering in the last two 



TrLoor 

of Re, s ce 


articles, and has been obtained viewing 
the work from the left-hand side of the 
house. We have chosen to view this 
work from the side mentioned rather 
than from the front of the house, prin¬ 
cipally for the reason that a view taken 
in the latter direction would show the 


main line of soil pipe in the cellar on 
end, whereas in the present view it ap¬ 
pears in such a way as to show it length¬ 
wise. The reader will see very clearly 
that about all that could be seen of the 
main line from the front position would 



be the end of the pipe, and that in such 
a view none of its length would be seen. 
However, it is seldom that a view of a 
system of plumbing of the extent of 


86 
































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


87 


this one can be taken from any one direc¬ 
tion so that all parts of the work will 
show to the best advantage. 

For instance, in the elevation shown 
by Fig. 105, in the main lines of vent 
pipe serving the fixtures connecting into 
stacks C and D, appear behind these 
stacks, and as the main vents in these 


two cases are the same size as the stacks 
they cannot be seen. To get around this 
point we have shown these two lines a 
ffttle to one side of the stacks. This is 
not strictly according to the letter, but 
as it results in a clearer showing of this 
part of the work, it is admissible. 

Stacks B and C, as will be seen from 
Fig. 91 of a preceding chapter, enter hori¬ 


zontal branches in the cellar, which con¬ 
nect into the main line for soil pipe. 
In Fig. 105 we get simply the end view 
of these two horizontal branches, and 
the horizontal branch into the main line 
from stack D running at an angle as it 
does, has to be shown as our illustra¬ 
tion gives it. The fresh air inlet does 


not show to the best advantage in Fig. 
105, and neither does the offset on 
stack A. 

The two bath rooms probably show to 
better advantage in this view than would 
be possible if it were taken from any 
other direction. 

A glance at the front elevation of this 
residence, Fig. 95, will show the shape of 



Fig \05 






































































































































































































































88 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




the roof and the points on the roof where 
the stacks come up. 

A comparison with the roof shown in 
Fig. 105 will show that the stack B and 
C pass through the flat portion of the 
roof, while the stacks A and D pass 
through the roof on the pitch. 

Having considered in a brief way, these 
several points concerning Fig. 105, we be¬ 
lieve that our readers will agree with us 
that excepting under favorable conditions 



the work of.such a system as the one 
shown in our illustration is shown more 
clearly and to better advantage by mak¬ 
ing separate elevations of different parts 
of the work, viewing the several parts 
from the most advantageous position, 
rather than to show it all in one eleva¬ 
tion. However, it sometimes happens 


that such a view as Fig. 105 is prefer¬ 
able for some reason or other to separ°^e 
elevations, so we must take the matter 
into consideration in connection with this 
work. 

We do not think it would be advisable 
to take Fig. 105 as a practice exercise by 
our students, their attention being placed 
to better advantage on work that they 
will have more use for. 

Our mention of the several points at 



which the stacks pass through the roof 
brings to mind the fact that a roof plan 
is sometimes very useful in showing this 
location. We therefore present Fig. 106 
as a roof plan of the residence, of which 
we have been showing plans and eleva¬ 
tions. This plan shows the exact loca¬ 
tion of the four stacks, A, B, C and D. 

While dealing with this part of the 
work it will be well to take up the sub¬ 
ject of roof connections, and to that end 
we show several methods of doing this 






































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


89 


work, in Figs. 107, 108 and 109. The two 
roof flanges or shoes, shown in Fig. 107 
and the upper one in Fig. 108, are patent 
devices, and in the case of the two first 
mentioned, we have shown sectional 
views, to better represent them. The 
other connection of Fig. 108 shows a 
roof connection made from ordinary sheet 
lead. In Fig, 109 we have shown two 


methods of roof connection for flat roofs, 
those preceding having been or pitch 
roofs. The upper method shows a patent 
flange, while the other gives a method 
for using sheet lead. 

Figs. 107, 108 and 109 will give the 
student good practice work, and we ad¬ 
vise in connection with it the making of 
sectional views, such as we have given. 


I 


CHAPTER XXI 


A PROBLEM which brings in a few 
points not heretofore covered by 
the work which we have taken up, 
is that of a six-flat apartment 
building. This style of building, laid out 
after the style which we show, is very 
common, and the six-flat building will 


all three floors, as the' plumbing of each 
is identical. 

In the cellar plan is shown in addition 
to the main drain and branch lines to the 
kitchen stacks, the rain leaders, the cel¬ 
lar drainage and sub-soil drainage sys¬ 
tems, and the drip sinks which are pro- 




■R-SLT.-ri_ T_j _ 3 



Ce.v_\_a,r Pukm - S\x Fupkt 

NENT House. 


serve to show equally well what would 
be found in buildings containing a larger 
number of apartments. 

Figs. 110 and 111 give respectively the 
cellar plan and floor plan of the building 
in question, one floor plan serving for 


vided to receive the drip from the refrig¬ 
erator lines. 

Most plumbing ordinances, by the way, 
require that a sink used for such pur¬ 
poses shall be supplied with water. This 
of course is done, so that during thf 


90 










MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


91 


winter months when the refrigerators 
may possibly not be in use, the danger 
of the evaporation of the seal in the sink 
trap may be lessened. As to the sub-soil 
drainage, in some sections of the country 
it is hardly ever used, but in others, 
where there is a damp soil, nearly every 
house or building must be supplied with 
it. The dotted lines showing the sub¬ 
soil drain represent porous tile with loose 
joints, and it will be noticed that this 
drain is carried into the well formed 
for the cellar drainage. Other lines of 


the work. Probably most of our readers 
will agree that in figuring such a job as 
this one, it would be the easiest thing in 
the world to forget to figure in the Y 
branch and bend making up this offset. 
With a drawing, even if it is not elabor¬ 
ately drawn, this and a score of other lit¬ 
tle points are brought to one’s attention, 
and “forgetting to figure” fittings, etc., 
will not happen so often. 

Probably by this time those of our 
readers who have been carefully preserv¬ 
ing this book will see at a glance that the 



Floor P v-PsrA 

S\%. Fupot Kpkrtmemt House. 


sub-soil drain may be run out into the 
center of the cellar if desired. 

In Fig. 112 is shown an elevation of 
the plumbing work of the kitchens. As 
will be seen from the floor plan, the 
kitchens belonging to the two apartments 
on each floor are at opposite ends of the 
building, and therefore require separate 
stacks, and as these stacks run In re¬ 
cesses in the wall, they require offsetting 
below the first floor, as we show. This 
matter of the offset will perhaps show in 
a slight way the benefit of a drawing of 


elevation of Fig. 112 is taken looking in 
the direction of the arrow G in Fig. 111. 
This brings the stack and the vent line 
one behind the other, and for that reason 
the work does not show as clearly as 
might be desired. The vent line it will 
be noticed, does not connect at its foot 
back into the stack, but as shown, ends in 
a hub ferrule, to which the two fixture 
vents connect. 

To be brief and to the point, we show 
in Fig. 112, and also in Fig. 113, only the 
work on the lower, and upper floors, and 


































92 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


instead of showing the stacks passing 
through the roof, simply designate that 
point by an accompanying note. 



Elevkt \ot-\ of 

^\TCH£W WoFtVS. 


In Fig. 113 we show an elevation of the 
bath room work of the apartment build¬ 
ing under consideration. On this work, 
the bath rooms on each side of the house 
are served by a single stack, as our draw¬ 
ing shows. 

It will be observed that this view of 
the work is obtained by looking upon it 
from the rear (see arrow F). As we saw 
in the case of the kitchen stacks, the 
bathroom stack runs up through the wall, 
and of necessity must be offset in order 
to lead into the main drain. In this 
drawing, the main line of vent appears in 
front of the stack, and therefore shows 
plainly. Just below the first floors two 
lines of vent are connected into the main 
vent, these pipes being the vents from 
the refrigerator drip sinks in the cellar. 
The work shown in all four drawings of 
this chapter are given the student for 
practice work, which will be found easier 
if made on a larger scale. We have said 
but little on scale drawings thus far, but 
before one can take up the figuring of 
work from drawings, it becomes neces¬ 
sary to understand this matter. There¬ 
fore, in our next chapter we shall take 
the subject up to a sufficient extent to en¬ 
able the student to use a scale in his 
work. 

It has probably been noticed that we 
have for some little time been showing 
lines on floor timbers in our drawings, 
which represent wood. This is not a 
necessity by any means, but a reference 
to Figs. 112 and 113 will convince the 
reader, we believe, that it sets off a 
drawing to quite an extent, and adds to 
its appearance. 

Likewise, the section lines of the divi¬ 
sion wall shown in Fig. 113 are of benefit, 
as well as the lines showing brick and 
stone work. 

The cross section lines take quite an 
amount of time to put in in proper 
shape, to be sure, but the lines showing 
wood and stone are very quickly put in. 

Some of the detail work connected with 
the six flat apartment building which we 
have been considering, we shall show In 
the next chapter. 













































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


93 


otu 



TO_a_-i.-ru "Vfn.t co-xxtvtct l! 
vn.X.o Trz.o-i.-n- Sva-tK.. 


VJ 

c: 

r 

J 




Tlarabin.^ on 2. yL A j-loox 
Sa-tn-t. a_s» on. i' r j looi 



E.LtVNT\ON O? 

Ba.th Room Ysfotsw, 














































































































































CHAPTER XXII 


A S will be seen by reference to the 
floor plan of the six-flat depart¬ 
ment building shown in the 
last chapter, each flat is sup¬ 
plied with a refrigerator and each line of 
refrigerators on the two sides of the build- 


All modern ordinances prohibit direct 
connection of the refrigerator with the 
drainage system, and reference to our 
sketch will show that the line is discon¬ 
nected at the sink, simply carrying the 
drip from the refrigerators into the sink, 
and the sink being trapped and vented in 
the usual manner as shown here. 

A note on Fig. 114, and also one on 
Fig. 113, call attention to the fact that 
the vent from this sink is carried into 
the bath room main vent line. The \z e 
of a note, as in this case, often saves tile 
labor and space involved in showing 
such work as it actually exists. In Fig. 
115 we give a sketch showing in detail 
the connection of one of the rain leaders 



VSJORA*. 

ing is served by a line of waste or drip 
pipe. This pipe is usually of galvanized 
wrought iron, as stated by the note at¬ 
tached to Fig. 114, which shows the re¬ 
frigerator work of the building under 
consideration. As the connection or 
each of the two refrigerators on the sec¬ 
ond and third floors into the main line 
of waste is the same as that on the first 
floor, we simply show the latter, with 
the drip sink and its connections below. 



into the drainage system. It will be no¬ 
ticed that the leader is not provided with 
a trap. As a general thing, wherever 
there is a main trap no separate traps 


94 



















































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


95 


are placed on the rain leaders. If there 
were no main trap on this system, how¬ 
ever, it would be necessary to trap sepa¬ 
rately each line of rain leaders. 

Fig. 116 gives a sketch in detail of the 
cellar drainage. It represents a well 
formed in the concrete cellar bottom, 
with the hub end of a P trap cemented 
into the bottom of the well, and connect¬ 
ed with the main drain. Into this well 
the various lines of sub-soil drain are 
carried. In some cities it is required by 
ordinance to carry the water supply di- 



F\o>. w5. -Rk\v\ LtKotR 
Cor^rA^c^ |0 



A,<be. 


rect to the cellar drainage well, so that 
in the event of a drought and the conse¬ 
quent evaporation of the trap seal, the 
seal may be renewed. 

With the main trap, however, this dan¬ 
ger is not so much to he feared, for the 
main trap acts as a safeguard to the en¬ 
trance of sewer gas through the cellar 
drainage system. 

The sketch shown in Fig. 117 shows 
the work connected with the drainage sys¬ 
tem usually found at the front cellar 
wall. In order to economize space, in¬ 
stead of carrying the fresh air inlet up 
to a proper height, we have carried it 
low, and by cutting off the cellar wall, 
the fact that the full height is not shown 
is made known. The concrete is shown 
with a well formed about the cleanouts 
on the main trap, so that easy access may 
be had to them. Cast iron soil pipe Is 
shown carried two lengths or ten feet 
outside the cellar wall, where it is en¬ 
tered into the tile drain. 

This provision is made in most ordi¬ 
nances, to provide against the leaching 
back into the cellar of sewage that might 
escape from the tile drain if for any rea¬ 
son broken at some future time. The 
fresh air inlet is represented as carried 
underground twenty feet out into the 
lawn, and brought up to the surface, 
ending in a ventilating cap. The carry¬ 
ing of the inlet twenty feet away from 
windows and doors is a sanitary pro¬ 
vision required by many ordinances. 

Although not so difficult to execute as 
much of the preceding exercise work, it 
will do the reader no harm to practice 
on the work shown in these four 
sketches. 

As we intimated in our last article, we 
have come to a point now where it is 
necessary to use an exact scale, both in 
laying out drawings and in taking di¬ 
mensions from drawings. 

It will no doubt already be known to 
most of our readers what the purpose of 
scale drawings is. 

As an example, let us suppose that the 
civil engineer is getting out a map of 
property covering several acres. It is 
obvious that it is utterly impossible to 
make such a drawing full size. The draw¬ 
ing must, however, show everything in 















































96 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


its proper proportion, and therefore, in 
order to get his work on a sheet of suit¬ 
able size, he selects some scale. For in¬ 
stance, he may make his drawing on a 
scale of 1-16 inch to 1 foot, and if so, 
each 1-16 inch on the drawing represents 


a foot on the property which is being 
mapped out. 

This is a reducing scale. 

Now on the other hand, the draughts¬ 
man may be required to make drawings 
of some very small machine part, per- 



Fv&.vw-MMr* mho Fr£.sh Aur \tn\_ev C.orme.CT\orHS .eve.. 



»■ 


O V 1 * 4 5 b ft \o 11 \b \ft 10 11 14 lb 1ft 30 61 34 3b 3ft 40 41 44 4fe 4ft 30 51 54 3b 


Fv<».ua. Sca.le Va" * \ jt. 




F\<i. \2.\ 


Double Scale 














































































































































































































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


97 


haps so small that when all the dimen¬ 
sions are placed upon it, it will be con¬ 
fused, and trouble the workman to work 
from it. 

In this case it is necessary to choose 
a scale which will enlarge the drawing. 
A scale of 2 inches equal 1 inch is possi¬ 
bly used, and* in this case, when the 
drawing is complete, a measurement on 
it of 2 inches represents 1 inch on the 
piece itself. 

Now, in the work which we are follow¬ 
ing, we shall have use for both the re¬ 
ducing and increasing scales, but more 
especially for the former. 

In Figs. 118, 119 and 120 we show three 
common reducing scales, and in Fig. 121 
a common increasing scale. 

The double scale (Fig. 121) or iy 2 or 
triple scale, will be found of use in the 
practice work which we have been giv¬ 
ing, in making an enlarged drawing from 
a smaller one. If there is a measure¬ 
ment of iy 2 inch on the smaller drawing, 
and the double scale is being used, to 
represent that dimension on the en¬ 
larged drawing, three inches of the dou¬ 
ble scale must be taken, that is, from 0 
to 3 on Fig, 121, 


The small divisions at the left of this 
scale represent fractions of an inch, each 
of the smallest divisions representing 1-16 
inch, the next larger y 8 inch, the next *4 
inch, and finally y 2 inch. 

Fig. 120 shows a scale of y 2 inch equals 
1 foot, and is a scale that is sometimes 
used, though not so often as the % inch 
and y 8 inch. The y 2 inch scale will be 
found very handy in making a large 
drawing of small work, for instance, in 
making a good sized drawing of the 
plans and elevations of the plumbing for 
a small house. It must be understood 
that in Fig. 120, for instance, each fig¬ 
ured division represents a full inch on a 
drawing which is drawn to a scale of % 
inch equal 1 foot. Therefore, the full 
length of the scale shown would repre¬ 
sent 14 inches, on the scale drawing, 
though measuring actually only half that 
amount. 

We have chosen to consider lastly the 
two scales which are most important in 
this work, that is, the % and *4 inch 
scales shown in Figs. 118 and 119. In 
the next chapter these two scales will be 
considered fully, and examples of their 
application given. 


CHAPTER XXIII 


T HE two scales of most importance 
to the architect and, therefore, 
of most importance to the 
plumber are those of 14 -inch = 
1 foot, and % inch = 1 foot. 

Of these, by far the more commonly 
used is the scale of % inch = 1 foot, 
which is used for practically all ordinary 
work, the % inch scale being used on 
large work. 


shown represents 28 feet. In Fig. 119 
each eighth-inch division represents 1 
foot, and the total length shown repre¬ 
sents 56 feet. Thus, in comparing the 

\ T T r n 

\\\ \\ \V\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\A\\\ \ViVa 




Fig:. 124. 



These two scales were shown in Figs. 
118 and 119 of the preceding article. 

In Fig. 118 each quarter-inch division 
represents 1 foot, and the total length 

!*• —w «. t « • — * “ <*• <• - • '•*! 



»' r 
• 9*- T 

9*-^- - 

1 *t 

, \ 

* 1. S' 

7 1 1 0 

KXW4. ^ \\\\>a\\\W\ 

k 

•* < 

v ^ 

3*-^ i 1 \ 


>--- a*- -m 


two scales, we find, as might be expected, 
that when equal lengths are laid off on 
each scale, that the given length repre¬ 
sents on the Vs, scale, just twice the di¬ 
mension on the x /4 scale. In order to 
show in a practical way the application 



Fig. 123. 


Fig. 125. 

of the two scales, we give Figs. 122 and 

128 . 

The former shows the work drawn on a 
scale of 14 -inch = 1 foot, and the latter 
on a scale of 14 -inch = 1 foot. 


98 








































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


99 


It will be noticed that while in the 
latter case the dimensions are one-half 
the former, the area covered by the draw¬ 
ing is only one-quarter as great. 

There is one fact which should be thor¬ 
oughly understood, and that is, that on a 
scale drawing, the dimensions should al¬ 
ways be shown in full. For instance, in 


planation, but it is a fact that very often 
those not used to working a scale, are in¬ 
clined to make this error. 

Wherever a dimension calls for frac¬ 
tional parts of a foot, as occurs several 
times in Fig. 122, fractional parts of a 
foot on the scale should be used. 

Those of our readers who are putting 



Cellar Plan for Cottage House. Scale 1-8 in.= I ft. 



5caAe 


— Cottar House. 
>6 vn.. - v 


Fig. 122, the actual length of the sketch 
is 4%' inches, but it would be entirely 
wrong to place that dimension on the 
drawing. The dimension that should ap¬ 
pear is the dimension that the 4 V 2 inches 
represents on the scale that is being used, 
that is, 18 feet. 

This point may not have needed an ex- 


to use the information given in this 
book will probably find it almost neces¬ 
sary to procure a scale for the work that 
we are about taking up. There are two 
styles of boxwood scales commonly in use, 
which we represent in Figs. 124 and 125. 

The triangular scale is the more ex¬ 
pensive of the two, and has a larger num- 































100 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



— ■ — ■ >, 

Floor - Cott^l House. 

ScaJLe Va vtl. ^ V 


ber of different scales upon it than the 
flat scale. At the same time, if a flat 
architect’s scale having a quarter and 
eighth scales can be procured, it will an¬ 
swer all purposes. 

The flat scale has one great advantage 
over the triangular, from the fact that one 
often has to turn the latter several times 
before finding the scale desired, whereas 
the flat scale shows plainly at all times. 

Now having looked into the subject of 
the different scales, let us apply it in the 
making of the several plans for a cottage 
house, this being the simplest construc¬ 
tion that we can use for our purpose. 
Suppose we have a house to plan whose 
main dimensions are 36 feet x 24 feet. If 
we use a scale of % inch = 1 foot, the 
«plans will appear 9 inches x 6 inches, 
which calls for a larger space than we 
can afford to give up, although if we were 
laying out this work on a sheet of paper 
rather than on the page of a publication 
where every inch is of value, the quarter 
scale for work of this kind would be far 
preferable. Under the conditions we are 
obliged to show the plans and elevation of 
this work on a scale of % inch = 1 foot, 
and in much of the large work we should 
have to resort to a scale even smaller, 
probably 1-16 inch = 1 foot. 

The cellar plan we show in Fig. 126, 
and such parts of the first and second 
floors as contain plumbing work are 
shown respectively in Figs. 127 and 128. 
In addition to the plans, we show in Fig. 
129, a very simple elevation of the work 
in question. This elevation is of the most 
rudimentary style, but it gives us as 
much information in the line of plumbing 
as an elaborate and finished elevation; all 


we require is a knowledge of the distance 
between floors and the depth of floor 
timbers, and in addition the pitch of the 
roof in order to know the length of the 
vertical line of soil pipe. This elevation 
is obtained by viewing the house from 
the front, and it will be seen that in this 
view the two stacks would appear one 
behind the other. After drawing the cel¬ 
lar wall, to locate the position of the 









































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


101 


stacks in Fig. 129, measure to the left of 
the wall a distance equal to the distance 
on the cellar plan from the foundation to 
the center of the main drain. 

We show simply a single line to desig¬ 
nate the length of the soil pipe risers. If 
those of our readers who are not used to 
scaling drawings will figure out the dis¬ 
tance in feet between the several floors and 
the depth of floor beams, it will be good 
practice for them, and this might be done 
also with the cellar plan. 

In Fig. 130 we give two simple sketches 
of the two stacks shown on the cellar and 
floor plans. The same scale that has been 
used on these plans is used on the eleva¬ 
tions of the two stacks, as far as heights 
between floors, etc., is concerned, but the 
diameter of the pipe, length of fittings, 
etc., is not drawn to this scale; in fact, 
not to any scale. 

It can readily be seen that if this scale 
were followed on the piping the diameter 
of the 4-inch pipe would appear on our 
drawing as only 1-24-inch, which would 
be too small to show well. It will usually 
be found almost impossible to adhere to 
the scale on the piping for the reason just 
given. 

We would advise the reader as ex¬ 
cellent practice work, to work out the 
several floor plans on some scale larger 
than that which we have followed, com¬ 
pleting fully the two floor plans which 
we have shown only partially complete, 
and also completing the work on the ele¬ 
vations of Fig. 130, by showing the fix¬ 
tures and all their connections. 



Pig. 130. Scale 1-8 in.=l ft. 


























































CHAPTER XXIV 


B EFORE leaving this part of our 
subject, there is one system, 
the plumbing for a country 
residence, which it is desirable 
to take up. 

This work is different from city work 
in several respects, and we believe it 
will be of benefit to consider such a sys¬ 
tem. 

For such a country residence we show 



in Figs. 131, 132 and 133, the second and 
first floor plans and cellar plan respect¬ 
ively. 

The cellar plan shows some difference 
from the same plan for city work, from 
the fact that on this plan, the locations 
of well, cesspool, etc., is shown. In the 
second floor plan, we show in dotted lines 
the storage tank to be located in the 
attic. 

We have adopted this method in prefer¬ 


ence to going to the extra trouble of get¬ 
ting out a plan of the attic simply to 
show this one point. 

On the cellar plan also, we have located 
the cesspool 50 feet from the house. Ac- 



1 



cording to the scale it will be found much 
closer than that, but where such a dimen¬ 
sion is given it is always to be followed, 
and no attention paid to the distance that 
the regular scale would give. Fig. 134 
gives a plain elevation of the residence, 


102 




































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


103 


with relative heights of top of well and 
cesspool, and this figure becomes neces¬ 
sary in laying out an elevation of the 
work such as Figs. 135 and 136 show. 
Fig. 135 is an elevation showing the 
drainage portion of the plumbing system 
drawn to a larger scale than the plans, 



and even though larger, it is not large 
enough to show plainly the many small 
details of the work. 

There is nothing to be said about this 
work which will show any decided differ¬ 
ence from city work, with the exception 
of the venting. Our readers well know 


i'i 1 u i iii, r* i 





























































































































































104 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


that as a general thing, work in the coun¬ 
try is not done under the regulations of 
a plumbing ordinance, and for that reason 
in a majority of cases the work is put in 
without venting, though the country resi¬ 
dent is gradually being convinced that he 
should have as good and as sanitary work 
in his house as his city brother. 

Acknowledging that work of this kind 
has to be done, we show this plumbing 
system invented, and as a precaution 
against syphonage, show drum traps 
under the fixtures instead of the ordinary 
strap, which is more susceptible to sy¬ 
phonage. 

On such work, the style of trap shown, 
or one of the modern anti-syphon traps, 
we believe far preferable to the S trap. 

It will be noticed that in accordance 
with Fig. 134, our elevation shows the 
well located above the cesspool, which 





Fig. 134. 
















































































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


105 


should be demanded in order to lessen 
the danger of leeching of the contents of 
the cesspool into the well. 

In Fig. 136 we give another elevation, 
showing the water supply for the house 
with windmill pumping to the storage 
tank. 

This and the drainage system elevation 
are generally combined in one drawing, 
but on such a small scale greater clear¬ 
ness is obtained by keeping them sep¬ 
arate. 

Thus far in this series we have done 
more work in connection with the drain¬ 
age end of plumbing than with the water 


supply, though both are equally important. 

This needs attention before we bring 
our series to an end, and will therefore 
next claim our attention. 

It will be a good plan for those inter¬ 
ested, to work out the two elevations 
which appear in this article, using, how¬ 
ever, a much larger scale, for the use of a 
small scale makes this work of such a 
puttering nature that it becomes very 
tiring, and furthermore, a larger scale 
would allow of showing small details, 
such as fittings, wiped joints, etc., and 
these little points go a long way to make 
an attractive drawing. 


CHAPTER XXV 


C ONCERNING the drawing of pip¬ 
ing, there is nothing connected 
with it which differs at all in 
principal from the work which 
we have already been over. Consequent¬ 
ly, the illustration which we present, 
will cover the greater part of the sub¬ 
ject. 

Pigs. 137 and 138 show the water pip¬ 
ing connected with range IToiler work, 


n 



the former showing wrought iron pipe, 
and the latter lead. In each of these illus¬ 
trations, A and B represent globe valves 
in two positions, A being seen from the 
side, and B from a position where the 
wheel appears in front of the valve. 
These same positions respecting the stop 
cock are shown at C and D. E shows a 
bibb. 

A simpler and quicker way of showing 
this work, and one that is often just as 
desirable, is shown in Fig. 139, A, B, and 
C showing respectively a globe valve, 
stop cock and bibb. 

If it is desired to make a distinction 
between the hot and cold pipes, it may 
be done by drawing one with solid lines, 
such as Fig. 139 shows, and the other by 
dotted lines. The same effect can be ob¬ 
tained very satisfactorily by showing the 
cold pipes with blue pencil or ink, and 
the hot with red. We might add, by the 
way, that this method is often followed 
in making the distinction between the 
drainage and the venting system of 
plumbing work. 

Comparing Fig. 137 with Figs. 140 and 
141, it will be seen in the former that 
the fittings are made of the same diame¬ 
ter as the pipe, while in the latter, which 
show larger sized pipes, the size of the 
fitting is made larger than the pipe. 

The latter method is usually adopted 
in showing steam piping, while the for¬ 
mer is used in water piping. 

In Fig. 140, A, B, C and D show respec¬ 
tively the ell, reducing ell, tee, and re¬ 
ducing tee. 

Fig. 141 shows 45-degree connections, 
with the main, from which the connec¬ 
tion is taken, showing sidewise, while 


106 






























MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


107 


Fig. 142 shows a 45-degree connection 
with the main showing endwise. Further¬ 
more, at the connection in Fig. 142, the 
fitting shown represents an ell which 
shows the pipe running back from the 
fitting, away from the observor. On the 
other hand, A in this same sketch shows 
the same fitting with the pipe pointing 
from the fitting toward the observer. 

These matters, simple in themselves, 
are important in correctly representing 
this work, and are points that the aver- 



Fi g. 138. 

age man will get confused, with the re¬ 
sult that the person who has to read 
the drawing either gets a wrong impres¬ 
sion of what is desired, or is entirely 
unable to figure it out. 

To the man who is unaccustomed to 
the making of drawings, among the most 
difficult things connected with this line 
of work, to represent properly, are the 
various styles of valves. To help him on 


such work as this, we give the sketches 
of Fig. 143. If he will compare the draw¬ 
ings of these different valves with illus¬ 
trations of them in one of the trade cat¬ 
alogs, he will find that our sketches are 
made as simply as possible, such details 
for instance as the stuffing boxes, curves 



Fig. 139. 

on the hexagonal parts of the valves, etc., 
being omitted. Of course these details 
add to the appearance of a sketch, but 
they take more or less time and skill, 
and the particular style of valve can be 
shown as well without them, and after 
all, that is the chief thing to be desired. 

The several letters of Fig. 143 repre¬ 
sent respectively: A, iron pipe cock; B, 




Fig. 140. Fig. 141. 

horizontal check valve; C, gas meter 
cock; D, globe valve; E, gate valve; F, 
cross valve; G, angle valve; H, Y-valve; 
L, radiator valve. 

Another matter which usually presents 
difficulties to the man who is not ac¬ 
quainted with drafting, is the represent¬ 
ing of radiators and coils. 



I 

Fig. 142. 

Figs. 144 and 145 show two methods of 
drawing radiators. The former naturally 
is the more difficult to work out, while 
the latter represents the radiator just as 



well. 

In laying out this work, the space be- 






































































108 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


tween the sections should be about as 
our sketch shows it, that is, one-half the 
width of the section itself. 

In putting in the semi-circles at the 
top and bottom of the radiator in Fig. 144 

it is best to draw a line, such as shown 
by the dotted lines in the sketch, and 



take the centers for the curves on this 
line, being sure of course to put in the 
curves before the straight lines are 
drawn. 

The drawing of a coil of ordinary pat¬ 
tern, such as shown by Fig. 147, needs 



very little explanation, the drawing it¬ 
self showing how the work should be 
laid out. 

The drawing of a miter coil, such as 
shown by Fig. 146, needs some little at¬ 
tention, however. Lay out the horizon¬ 
tal and vertical pipes first and carry the 
lines until they meet each other. It will 
be found that the points of intersection 






Fig. 147. 


will be on an angle of 45 degrees, such as 
the dotted line shows in the sketch. 

Having put in this line, which should 
be done in light pencil, the centers for 
striking the curves of the several ells 
may be taken on this line. 

In taking up much of the work consid¬ 
ered in this article, we are not adhering 
strictly to the requirements of the 
plumber, but as the work of the plumber 
and fitter are so closely allied, this work 
will prove of value to the average plumb¬ 
er we believe. 

Our readers will find plenty of good 
practice work in the illustrations which 
we have presented in this chapter, and 
the drawing of valves, radiators and coils 
will be found of special value. 






























































































































































CHAPTER XXVI 


T HE showing of steam pipes on 
floor plans is a matter that calls 
for attention, and in this con¬ 
nection we give Figs. 148 and 
149. The method shown in Fig. 148 is 
the one which is probably most used, the 
pipes being represented by single lines, 
and the risers by circles. 

The other method shown in Fig. 149 
has the advantage of showing the connec¬ 
tions of branches with the main, more in 
detail than the method just mentioned. 
A glance at the sketch will show that the 
tee on the main is turned at 45 degrees, 



and a 45-degree ell brings the branch 
level again. 

Now we come to the matter of showing 
piping in perspective, the last point 
which we shall take up in this series. 
It is of much importance, for it will be* 
found that it is used a great deal, and 
furthermore, many systems of heating 
are very difficult to illustrate by any 
other means. 

To get into this subject we show 
several simple examples of perspective in 
Fig. 150. 

A represents a connection which in¬ 
spection will show is viewed by looking 
down upon the object, and from the right. 


while B is obtained by looking downward 
from the left. Either of these two views 
is very common, much more so, we may 
say, than views obtained by looking up¬ 
ward upon the object. C shows a con¬ 
nection which is viewed from the left 
and on a level with it, instead of down¬ 
ward or upward, and occasionally is a 
desirable method to follow. D shows a 
little more difficult perspective than those 
preceding, and E shows valves in two dif¬ 
ferent positions, in perspective. 

A close study of these examples of per¬ 
spective will show that the ellipses which 
are seen on the fittings are square with 
the direction of the pipe, no matter in 
what direction the pipe may run. 

Compare F and G, which are supposed 
to represent the same thing. The el¬ 
lipses in F are not square with the fitting 
or pipe, while those in G are. The result 
is apparent. The tee in F is distorted, 
while that in G is not. 

If our reader will hold a piece of pipe 
in front of him with the end pointing 
toward him, that end will appear as a full 
circle, but if he will turn the pipe from 
this position gradually until it stands 
lengthwise instead of endwise, this circle 
will become an ellipse, gradually narrow¬ 
ing, until finally, when in a position 
lengthwise, no part of a circle or ellipse 
is to be seen, simply the square end be¬ 
ing seen. 

Perhaps this crude example will ex¬ 
plain why, in this perspective work, the 
circles' on the fittings appear as ellipses. 
In making a rule for this work we can 
perhaps do no better than to say that the 
straight lines of pipe should be first put 
in, in their proper directions, and the 
fittings connecting them put in after¬ 
ward, and as previously stated, care be- 


109 


















110 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


ing taken that the ellipses are square with 
the piping. 

To make an application of the work 
shown in Fig. 150, we give Fig. 151, which 
represents a heater with its piping. It 



Fig. 149. 

will at once be seen that the perspective 
of this work shows that it is obtained 
by viewing it looking downward and to¬ 
ward the left. The boiler was drawn 
first, with the lines V and W at 60 de¬ 
grees with the horizontal front line of 


the boiler. In perspective, all vertical 
lines appear vertical, hence all the risers 
in Fig. 151 are vertical. 

The line of pipe S-T is at right angles 
to the boiler and therefore must be paral¬ 
lel with the front line of the boiler, that 
is, horizontal. The lines A-B and K-L are 
of course parallel with the lines V and 
W of the boiler, and must therefore be 
drawn in that way, that is, at 60 degrees 
with the horizontal. 

The lines of pipe shown at C, D, M and 
N are parallel with S-T and E-F, and are 
therefore drawn horizontally with the 
tee square. 

The lines of pipe shown by G, H, P 
and R being on the work itself parallel 
to A-B and K-L are drawn parallel, that 
is, at 60 degrees with the horizontal. 

In Fig. 151 we have lines of pipe run¬ 
ning in four different directions in addi¬ 
tion to the vertical lines, and we believe 
that this sketch will cover the ground 



Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers. Sketch Showing a Heater and its Piping 












































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


111 



Fig:. 150. 


quite thoroughly, and therefore be of spe¬ 
cial value. 

We might say that in perspective, the 
lines that run back, and away from the 
observer, appear to converge instead of 
appearing parallel, as they actually are. 

This is illustrated by a straight line of 
railway tracks. We all know that if we 
look along a long stretch of track, the 
rails appear to converge, and if the dis¬ 
tance is great enough, they seem finally 
to run together. 

To be actually correct in showing the 
work of Fig. 151, the lines of pipe A-B 
and K-L, instead of being parallel, should 
be somewhat closer together from B to 
K than from A to L, but in mechanical 
perspective, as we may call the work that 
we are now considering, this principle is 


not usually given any consideration. • 

Very often on such work as shown in 
Fig. 151 the work as far as we have car¬ 
ried it, is shown in perspective, while the 
radiators, and all other work above the 
connections in the cellar, the work would 
show plain, just as we have hitherto 
shown it. 

In bringing this book to a close with 
the present chapter we would say that we 
have endeavored to eliminate as far as 
possible all technical matters connected 
with the subject, trying as far as possible 
to express and explain the ideas to be con¬ 
veyed in as straightforward and plain 
wording as possible, for it has been our 
aim to make the book equally as valu¬ 
able to the apprentice boy as to the well 
informed master. 















































CHAPTER XXVII 


T HE chief object in the preceding 
pages has been to give the 
student a practicable, workable 
knowledge of mechanical draw¬ 
ing, covering something of the theory- 
on which it is based, and the applica¬ 
tion of the principles to various classes 
of work, such as the plumber is likely 
to meet in his every-day experience. 

The student is supposed to have fol¬ 
lowed the instructions given, to have 
made the various kinds of drawings, 
and to have studied into the numerous 
problems presented, all of which was 
necessary in the gaining of a general 
knowledge of the subject. 

Having obtained this general knowl¬ 
edge, it seems to the writer that cer¬ 
tain features may now be given more 
emphasis than previously in the study 
of the subject, these being certain 
points which the author has observed 
in his own experience. Some of these 
points we shall consider in the follow¬ 
ing pages. 

It is well at this point to call atten¬ 
tion to the fact that the illustrations 
shown in this chapter show the use of 
continuous venting, whereas the older 
part of the book shows crown venting 
chiefly. While continuous venting is 
far superior to crown venting, it goes 
without saying' that the theory of me¬ 
chanical drawing is illustrated equally 
as well by employing the older method 
as the later one. It is for this reason 
that in reprinting the book, it has not 
been thought necessary to go to the 
expense of re-drawing all the illustra¬ 
tions in which the old-style venting is 
shown. 


The Best Methods of Making Elevations 
of Plumbing Construction 

When the plumber makes an eleva¬ 
tion showing plumbing construction, it 
is generally in the nature of a picture, 
that is to say, it is made, not to work 
by, as a working drawing is, but for 
the purpose of illustrating certain prin¬ 
ciples or methods for constructing the 
work in question. This being so, it 
seems as if the best method for doing 
this work would be that method which 
is simplest, clearest and most easily 
applied; and with this fact in mind, 
the author is of the opinion that in gen¬ 
eral the object sought can be more sat¬ 
isfactorily gained by means of a simple 
form of elevation, in which all the pip¬ 
ing is shown by single heavy lines, 
than by means of such an elaborate 
drawing as the one shown in Fig. 61. 
The latter looks nice, but it takes a 
great deal of time to make such a draw¬ 
ing, and it is a question whether it 
shows the work as clearly as the sim¬ 
pler style of drawing, such as shown in 
Fig. 152. 

Of course, the student can use his 
own judgment, but it seems as if the 
extra labor called for in drawing up 
Fig. 61, would ordinarily produce no 
more satisfactory results than would 
be gained by using a simple drawing 
like Fig. 152. 

In many instances, a further saving 
of time can be made by indicating the 
various fixtures, as in Fig. 153, instead 
of actually drawing them. It takes 
time to draw the fixtures, of course, 
and this saving in time may be worth 
while. 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


113 



Fig. 152. A Plumbing Elevation, with Piping shown by Single Lines. 


















































114 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




















MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


115 


Undoubtedly, in a great many in¬ 
stances, such a simple piece of work 
as Fig. 153, will do exactly as well, 
and accomplish the same results as the 
work shown either in Fig. 152 or 
Fig. 61. 

Often the water supply system as well 
as the drainage and venting systems 
will need to be shown in the same 
drawing. This can easily be done by 
showing the drainage and vent pipes 
by heavy lines, and the water piping by 
lighter lines. The hot and cold water 
pipes may be distinguished, one from 
the other, by using a solid line for the 
cold, and a broken line for the hot, or 
vice versa. These points are brought 
out in Fig. 154. 

To Distinguish Old Work from 
Proposed New Work 

To Distinguish Hot and Cold Water 

Piping 

It is of common occurrence in the 
plumbing business to be called upon 
to make alterations and additions to 
plumbing systems already installed. 

Very often such alterations and addi¬ 
tions, especially in large buildings, are 
of such extent as to call for architects’ 
plans, and in such cases it is not often 
that elevations giving much detail are 
given to the plumber to work by. 

In other cases, the plumber is called 
upon to make certain changes which 
are not covered by any plans or specifi¬ 
cations whatever, or he may be called 
upon to suggest ways and means for 
accomplishing certain desired results. 

In these several instances, and in 
others that might arise, there is nothing 
that we know of that would be of such 
value to the plumber as the ability to 
make a sketch of the work, an eleva¬ 
tion, rough or finished, as the case 
might be. The writer recalls a number 
of instances where the making of a 
neat, creditable drawing of such work, 
has been the one factor that has taken 
the work away from other competitors. 
Such a drawing can also be made of 
great value, as a means of presenting 
to workmen a clear idea of the changes 
that are to be made. 


The writer has found a very good 
method of distinguishing in a drawing, 
between old work and new work, 
whether on a plan or on an elevation, 
is to show the old work in one color, 
and the new work in another. This 
same idea may be carried out in show¬ 
ing systems of domestic hot water sup¬ 
ply, drawing the cold water in blue, for 
instance, and the hot water in red. 

In heating work also, whether hot 
water or steam, the flow pipes may be 
shown in one color, and the returns in 
another. 

Another scheme for distinguishing 
old and new work, and for distinguish¬ 
ing between hot and cold pipes, or flow 
and return pipes, is to show the one by 
full lines, and the other by broken lines. 

Fig. 155 will serve to show this 
method applied to an elevation showing 
alterations in a plumbing system, and 
Fig. 156 shows it applied to a heating 
system. 

If there should ever be a need for 
further distinction, it could be ob¬ 
tained by the use of some other kind 
of line, a line composed of alternate 
dots and dashes for instance. 

Use of Drawings in the Examination of 
Plumbers 

Probably most of the readers of this 
book are acquainted with the fact that 
in most sections of the country, before 
a plumber can work as a journeyman 
or conduct a plumbing business, he 
must pass an examination before an 
official board of plumbing examiners, 
and that as a part of the examination, 
he will generally be called upon to point 
out verbally or in writing, the errors 
in construction that he is able to locate 
in a plan or elevation of some plumb¬ 
ing system which is placed before him. 

Moreover, he will often be required 
to make a drawing showing the work 
in question correctly installed. 

This same practice is also quite gen¬ 
erally followed by the local unions of 
journeyman plumbers, and to some ex¬ 
tent by steam and hot water fitters’ 
unions. The unions use this method 
of testing an applicant’s knowledge of 


116 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Fig. 164. Method of Distinguishing Water Piping from Drainage and Vent Piping in 

Plumbing Elevation. 






























































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


117 











































118 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Fig. 156. Method of Distinguishing between Flow and Return Pipes in a Heating System. 






































































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


119 



Fig. 157. Elevation Showing Incorrect Connections, Sizes, etc. 


















































































120 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Fig. 158. A Type of Examination Form for Use in Examinations of Plumbers. 





























































































MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


121 



Fig. 169. A Type of Examination Form Much in Use. 




















































122 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


the trade, before admitting him to 
membership. 

It will be clear then, that a knowl¬ 
edge of drawing, and some ability at 
least, to make a drawing, will be of 
very great value to any man who comes 
to the place where he must undergo 
such a test, and when it is taken into 
consideration that lack of knowledge of 
the subject may possibly prevent his 
passing the examination, the subject of 
course assumes even greater impor¬ 
tance. 


iners the errors that he finds, or to re¬ 
draw the work correctly. 

In some cases the work is made 
somewhat easier for the applicant by 
using a form such as shown in Fig. 158. 
In this case, on the left hand side of 
the sheet the incorrect work is shown, 
with the fixtures properly located on 
the other side, but without piping or 
connections, it being the duty of the 
applicant to draw in the proper connec¬ 
tions. This is an advantage to the 
applicant, inasmuch as the fixtures. 




Brass 



Glass 



Wrought Iron 


(Steel 



Bronze 


Lead 



Wood 



Wood 


Fig. 160. Cross-Sections to Indicate Various Materials. 


In view of these facts, we think it 
well to show the reader something con¬ 
cerning the general nature of these 
drawings. 

In Fig. 157 we show a drawing such 
as is very generally in use for exami¬ 
nation purposes. Numerous wrong con¬ 
nections and methods, and wrong sizes 
of pipes, are to be found on this draw¬ 
ing. It is the business of the appli¬ 
cant, either to point out to his exam- 


which are the hardest part of the draw¬ 
ing to make, are already drawn for him. 

A third style of examination form is 
shown in Fig. 159, in which the fixtures 
and their locations are given, also the 
location of the stacks, the duty of the 
applicant being to draw in all necessary 
connections, according to the local 
plumbing regulations. It will be seen 
that a great variation in the piping on 
such a problem as this is possible. 























MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 


123 


The foregoing remarks, in connec¬ 
tion with the three drawings, are given 
largely for the purpose of showing the 
younger plumbers one of the important 
present-day reasons for acquiring at 
least a fair knowledge of drawing as 
applied to their trade. 

Method of Indicating Different Metals 
and Other Materials on Drawings 

Very often it is convenient and even 
necessary, to indicate on a drawing, one 
or more metals or other materials, 
which enter into the construction of the 
object shown by the drawing. This is 
especially true concerning working 
drawings. 

This is generally accomplished by 
showing cross-sections of the several 
detail parts, making these sections in 


such a distinctive manner as to indicate 
the material of which it is composed. 

There is no general rule governing 
the manner in which the different ma¬ 
terials are shown in cross-section. 

In Fig. 160 are shown several cross- 
sectionings which indicate various com¬ 
mon materials, and these particular 
sectionings are very generally in use. 
Many, however, will follow some other 
system of indicating materials, so it is 
always the safest plan to mark with 
proper lettering the various details 
shown by a drawing, in order that 
there may be no question as to what 
is intended. 

In some instances materials are dis¬ 
tinguished by coloring the cross-sec¬ 
tioned parts, different colors represent¬ 
ing the several materials of the objects 
shown by the drawing. 



LATEST 

REVISED 

CATALOGUE 

of the Best 

Practical and Mechanical Books 

Including Automobile and Aviation Books 


PRACTICAL BOOKS FOR PRACTICAL MEN 

Each Book in this Catalogue is written by an 
Expert and is written so you can understand it 

PUBLISHED BY 

The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. 

2 West 45th Street, New York, U. S. A. 

Established 1890 

|pgr Any Book in this Catalogue sent prepaid on receipt of price 
Manuscripts solicited on Practical Subjects 







INDEX 


PAGE 

Abrasives and Abrasive Wheels. 29 

Accidents. 25 

Air Brakes.24, 26 

Arithmetic.13, 27, 37 

Automobile Books.3, 4, 5, 6 

Automobile Charts.6,7 

Automobile Ignition Systems. 7 

Automobile Lighting. 4 

Automobile Questions and Answers.... 5 

Automobile Repairing. 5 

Automobile Starting Systems. 4 

Automobile Trouble Charts.. 6, 7 

Automobile Welding. 6 

Aviation. 8 

Bells, Electric. 14 

Bevel Gear. 21 

Boats, Motor. 30 

Boiler Room Chart. 9 

Boilers, Marine. 30 

Brazing. 9 

Cams. 21 

Carburetion. Trouble Charts. 7 

Carburetors. 4 

Car Charts. 9 

Cements. 12 

Change Gear. 21 

Charts.G, 7, 9 

Chemistry. 10 

Coal. 24 

Combustion. 19 

Concrete.10, 11, 12 

Concrete for Farm Use. 11 

Concrete for Shop Use. 11 

Cosmetics. 32 

Dictionary.12, 17 

Dies. 12 

Drawing.13, 32 

Drawing for Plumbers. 32 

Dynamo Building. 14 

Electric Bells. 14 

Electric Dictionary. 17 

Electric Switchboards. 15 

Electric Toy Making. 16 

Electric Wiring. 15 

Electricity.13, 14, 15, 1G, 17, 18 

Electroplating. 19 

Encyclopedia. 29 

Engine, Aviation. 8 

E-T Air Brake. 26 

Factory Management. 19 

Ford Automobile. 4 

Ford Tractor. 4 

Ford Trouble Chart.. 7 

Formulas and Recipes. 34 

Fuel. 19 

Gas Engines.20, 21 

Gas Tractor. 39 

Gearing and Cams. 21 

Glossary Aviation Terms. 8 

Heating. 37 

High Frequency Apparatus. 15 

Horse-Power Chart. 36 

Hot Water Heating. 37 

House Wiring.17, 18 

Hydraulics. 22 

Ice. 22 

Ignition Systems. 4 

Ignition Trouble Chart. 7 

India Rubber. 35 

Interchangeable Manufacturing. 27 

Inventions. 22 

Kerosene Carburetors. 4 

Knots. 23 


PAGE 

Lathe Work... 23 

Link Motions.. 24 

Liquid Air. 24 

Locomotive Boilers. 25 

Locomotive Breakdowns. 25 

Locomotive Engineering.24, 25, 26 

Machinist Books... .27, 28, 29 

Manual Training. 30 

Marine Engineering.. 30 

Marine Gasoline Engines. 21 

Mechanical Drawing. 13 

Mechanical Movements. 28 

Metal Work. 12 

Model Making. 29 

Motor Boats. 30 

Motorcycles.7, 31 

Motor Truck. 3 

Naval Engineering. 30 

Patents. 22 

Pattern Making. 31 

Perfumery. 32 

Perspective. 13 

Plumbing.32, 33 

Punches. 12 

Producer Gas. 21 

Questions and Answers on Automobile. 5 

Questions on Heating.. 38 

Radio Time Signal Receiver.16, 17 

Railroad Accidents. 25 

Railroad Charts. 9 

Recipe Book.,. 34 

Refrigeration.-... 22 

Repairing Automobiles. 5 

Rope Work. 23 

Rubber.* 35 

Rubber Stamps. . *. 35 

Saw Filing. 35 

Saws, Management of. 35 

Screw Cutting. 35 

Shipbuilders’ Pocket Book. 30 

Shop Construction. 27 

Shop Management. 27 

Shop Practice.27, 28, 29 

Shop Tools. 29 

Sketching Paper. 13 

Slide Valve. 24 

Soldering. 9 

Splices and Rope Work. 23 

Steam Engineering.35, 36, 37 

Steam Heating. 37 

Steel. 38 

Storage Batteries. 18 

Submarine Chart. 9 

Switchboards. 15 

Tapers...... 23 

Telegraphy, Wireless .14, 16, 18 

Telephone. 18 

Thread-Cutting. 27 

Tool Making. 27 

Tool Steel. 38 

Toy Making. 16 

Tractive Power Chart. 9 

Tractor, Gas. 39 

Train Rules. 26 

Vacuum Heating. 38 

Valve Setting. 24 

Ventilation. 37 

Walschaert Valve Gear. 26 

Waterproofing. 12 

Welding.6, 39 

Wireless Telegraphy.14, 16, 18 

Wiring.15, 17, 18 

Wiring Diagrams. 15 


Any of these books promptly sent prepaid to any address in the world on receipt of price. 


HOW TO REMIT.—By Postal Order* Express Money Order. Bank Draft* or Registered Letter. 

I 





















































































































































CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


AUTOMOBILES 


THE MODERN GASOLINE AUTOMOBILE—ITS DESIGN, CONSTRUC¬ 
TION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M.E. 

The latest and most complete treatise on the Gasoline Automobile ever issued. Written 
in simple language by a recognized authority, familiar with every branch of the auto¬ 
mobile industry. Free from technical terms. Everything is explained so simply 
that anyone of average intelligence may gain a comprehensive knowledge of the 
gasoline automobile. The information is up-to-date and includes, in addition to an 
exposition of principles of construction and description of all types of automobiles and 
their components, valuable money-saving hints on the care and operation of motor¬ 
cars propelled by internal combustion engines. Among some of the subjects treated 
might be mentioned: Torpedo and other symmetrical body forms designed to reduce 
air resistance: sleeve valve, rotary valve and other types of silent motors: increasing 
tendency to favor worm-gear power-transmission: universal application of magneto 
ignition; development of automobile electric-lighting systems; block motors; under¬ 
slung chassis; application of practical self-starters; long stroke and offset cylinder 
motors; latest automatic lubrication systems; silent chains for valve operation and 
change-speed gearing; the use of front wheel brakes and many other detail refinements. 
By a careful study of the pages of this book one can gain practical knowledge of auto¬ 
mobile construction that will save time, money and worry. The book tells you just 
what to do, how and when to do it. Nothing has been omitted, no detail has been 
slighted. Every part of the automobile, its equipment, accessories, tools, supplies, 
spare parts necessary, etc., have been discussed comprehensively. If you are or 
intend to become a motorist, or are in any way interested in the modern Gasoline 
Automobile, this is a book you cannot afford to be without. 1032 pages— and 
more than 1,000 new and specially made detail illustrations, as well as many full-page 
and double-page plates, showing all parts of the automobile. Including 12 large 
folding plates. New Edition. Price .$4.00 

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: 

“ It is the best book on the Automobile seen up to date.”—J. H. Pile, Associate Editor 
Automobile Trade Journal. 

‘‘Every Automobile Owner has use for a book of this character.”— The Tradesman. 
‘‘This book is superior to any treatise heretofore published on the subject.”— The 
Inventive Age. 

“We know of no other volume that is so complete in all its departments, and in which 
the wide field of automobile construction with its mechanical intricacies is so plainly 
handled, both in the text and in the matter of illustrations.”— The Motorist. 

“The book is very thorough, a careful examination failing to disclose any point in 
connection with the automobile, its care and repair, to have been overlooked.”— 
Iron Age. 

“Mr. Page has done a great work, and benefit to the Automobile Field.”—W. O. 
Hasford, Mgr. Y. M. C. A. Automobile School, Boston, Mass. 

“ It is just the kind of a book a motorist needs if he wants to understand his car.”— 
American Thresherman. 

THE MODERN MOTOR TRUCK, ITS DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERA¬ 
TION AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page. 

Just off the press and treats on all types of motor trucks and industrial tractors and 
trailers. It considers all types of trucks, gasoline and electric, and all varieties of 
truck bodies. This book is written in language everyone can understand and is 
not in any sense of the word a technical treatise. It is a practical volume that will 
make special appeal to the truck driver who seeks to better his position and to the 
mechanic charged with the repair and upkeep of trucks. The factory or business 
executive who wants to obtain a complete working knowledge of truck operation 
problems will find this book a reference work of great value. The truck salesman or 
automobile dealer will find that this work contains information that means money 
to them. All garage and service station men should have a copy of this book for 
reference because truck construction differs from passenger car design in many im¬ 
portant respects. Anyone who reads this book is in touch with all the practical 
features that have been tested out in real service. 1921 Edition. Cloth, 6x9, 
962 pages, 750 illustrations Price.$5.00 


3 








CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


THE MODEL T FORD CAR, ITS CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND 
REPAIR, INCLUDING THE FORDSON FARM TRACTOR, F. A. LIGHT¬ 
ING AND STARTING SYSTEM, FORD MOTOR TRUCK. By Victor 
W. Page. 

This is the most complete and practical instruction book ever published on the Ford 
car and Fordson tractor. All parts of the Ford Model T car and Fordson tractor 
are described and illustrated in a comprehensive manner. The construction is 
fully treated and operating principle made clear to everyone. Complete instructions 
for driving and repairing are given. To the New Revised Edition matter has been 
added on the Ford Truck and Tractor Conversion Sets and Genuine Fordson Tractor. 
All parts are described. All repair processes illustrated and fully explained. Written 
so all can understand—no theory, no guesswork. New revised and enlarged Edition 
just published. 153 illustrations, 410 pages, 2 large folding plates. Price . $2.00 

AUTOMOBILE STARTING, LIGHTING AND IGNITION SYSTEMS. By 

Victor W. Page, M.E. 

This practical volume has been written with special reference to the requirements of the 
non-technical reader desiring easily understood, explanatory matter, relating to all 
types of automobile ignition, starting and lighting systems. It can be understood by 
anyone, even without electrical knowledge, because elementary electrical principles are 
considered before any attempt is made to discuss features of the various systems. 
These basic principles are clearly stated and illustrated with simple diagrams. All the 
leading systems of starting, lighting and ignition have been described and illustrated with 
the co-operation of the experts employed by the manufacturers. Wiring diagrams are 
shown in both technical and non-technical forms. All symbols are fully explained. It 
is a comprehensive review of modern starting and ignition system practice, and includes 
a complete exposition of storage battery construction, care and repair. All types of 
starting motors, generators, magnetos, and all ignition or lighting system units are 
fully explained. The systems of cars already in use as well as those that are to come 
are considered. Every person in the automobile business needs this volume. 5Mx7 3^. 
Cloth. 815 pages, 492 illustrations, 3 folding plates. New revised and enlarged 
edition. Price. $3.00 

GASOLINE AND KEROSENE CARBURETORS, CONSTRUCTION, IN¬ 
STALLATION AND ADJUSTMENT. By Victor W. Page. A new up- 
to-date Book on Modern Carburetion Practice. 

This is a simple, comprehensive, and authoritative treatise for practical men ex¬ 
plaining all basic principles pertaining to carburetion, showing how liquid fuels are 
vaporized and turned into gas for operating all types of internal combustion engines in¬ 
tended to operate on vapors of gasoline, kerosene, benzol, and alcohol. All leading types 
of carburetors are described in detail, special attention being given to the forms devised 
to use the cheaper fuels such as kerosene. Carburetion troubles, fuel system troubles, 
carburetor repairs and installation, electric primers and economizers, hot spot mani¬ 
folds and all modern carburetor developments are considered in a thorough manner. 
Methods of adjusting all types of carburetors are fully discussed as well as sugges¬ 
tions for securing maximum fuel economy and obtaining highest engine power. 

This book is invaluable to repairmen, students, and motorists, as it includes the 
most complete exposition on kerosene carburetors ever published. The drawings 
showing carburetor construction are made from accurate engineering designs and 
show all parts of late types of carburetors. 213 pages. 89 illustrations. . $2.00 

HINTS AND TIPS FOR AUTOMOBILISTS. By Victor W. Pag£. 

The book is ideal for the busy man or woman who wants to know about car operation 
and upkeep because of the economies possible when an automobile is intelligently 
operated. It contains many money-saving hints and a brief simple exposition of 
location and remedy of roadside troubles apt to occur under ordinary operating 
conditions. Price.. 75 cents 


4 






CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


AUTOMOBILE REPAIRING MADE EASY. By Victor W. PagiS, M.E. 

A comprehensive, practical exposition of every phase of modern automobile repairing 
practice. Outlines every process incidental to motor car restoration. Gives plans for 
workshop construction, suggestions for equipment, power needed, machinery and tools 
necessary to carry on the business successfully. Tells how to overhaul and repair all 
parts of all automobiles. Everything is explained so simply that motorists and students 
can acquire a full working knowledge of automobile repairing. This work starts with 
the engine, then considers carburetion, ignition, cooling and lubrication systems. The 
clutch, change-speed gearing and transmission system are considered in detail. Contains 
instructions for repairing all types of axles, steering gears and other chassis parts. 
Many tables, short cuts in figuring and rules of practice are given for the mechanic. 
Explains fully valve and magneto timing, “tuning” engines, systematic location of 
trouble, repair of ball and roller bearings, shop kinks, first aid to injured and a multi¬ 
tude of subjects of interest to all in the garage and repair business. 

This book contains special instructions on electric starting, lighting and ignition systems, 
tire repairing and rebuilding, autogenous welding, brazing and, soldering, heat treatment of 
steel, latest timing practice, eight and twelve-cylinder motors, etc. 5%x8. Cloth. 1060 
pages, 1,000 illustrations, 11 folding plates. Price.$4.00 

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: 

“ ‘Automobile Repairing Made Easy’ is the best book on the subject I have ever seen 
and the only book I ever saw that is of any value in a garage.”—Fred Jeffrey, Martins- 
burg, Neb. 

“I wish to thank you for sending me a copy of ‘Automobile Repairing Made Easy.' I 
do not think it could be excelled.”—S. W. Gisriel, Director of Instruction, Y. M. C. A., 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO MODERN AUTOMOBILE 
CONSTRUCTION, DRIVING AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Pag£, M.E. 

A practical self-instructor for students, mechanics and motorists, consisting of thirty- 
seven lessons in the form of questions and answers, written with special reference to the 
requirements of the non-technical reader desiring easily understood, explanatory 
matter relating to all branches of automobiling. The subject-matter is absolutely 
correct and explained in simple language. If you can’t answer all of the following 
questions, you need this work. The answers to these and nearly 2000 more are to 
be found in its pages. Give the name of all important parts of an automobile and 
describe their functions? Describe action of latest types of kerosene carburetors? 
What is the difference between a “double” ignition system and a “dual” ignition 
system? Name parts of an induction coil? How are valves timed? What is an 
electric motor starter and how does it work? What are advantages of worm drive 
gearing? Name all important types of ball and roller bearings? What is a “three- 
quarter” floating axle? What is a two-speed axle? What is the Vulcan electric gear 
shift? Name the causes of lost power in automobiles? Describe all noises due to 
deranged mechanism and give causes? How can you adjust a carburetor by the 
color of the exhaust gases? What causes “popping” in the carburetor? What tools 
and supplies are needed to equip a car? How do you drive various makes of cars? 
What is a differential lock and where is it used? Name different systems of wire 
wheel construction, etc., etc. A popular work at a popular price. 5 34 x 7 34 • Cloth. 
701 pages, 387 illustrations, 3 folding plates. New revised edition. Price $2.50 

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: 

“If you own a car—get this book.”— The Glassworker. 

“Mr. Page has the faculty of making difficult subjects plain and understandable.”— 
Bristol Press. 

“We can name no writer better qualified to prepare a book of instruction on auto¬ 
mobiles than Mr. Victor W. Page.”— Scientific American. 

“The best automobile catechism that has appeared.”— Automobile Topics. 

“There are few men, even with long experience, who will not find this book useful. 
Great pains have been taken to make it accurate. Special recommendation must be 
given to the illustrations, which have been made specially for the work. Such ex¬ 
cellent books as this greatly assist in fully understanding your automobile.”— En¬ 
gineering News. 


5 




CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


HOW TO RUN AN AUTOMOBILE. By Victor W. Page. 

This treatise gives concise instructions for starting and running all makes of gasoline 
automobiles, how to care for them, and gives distinctive features of control. De¬ 
scribes every step for shifting gears, controlling engine, etc. Among the chapters 
contained are: I. Automobile Parts and Their Functions. II. General Starting 
and Driving Instructions. III. Control Systems—Care of Automobiles. Thoroughly 
. illustrated. 178 pages. 72 illustrations. Price. $1.50 

THE AUTOMOBILIST’S POCKET COMPANION AND EXPENSE RECORD. 

By Victor W. Page. 

This book is not only valuable as a convenient cost record, but contains much in¬ 
formation of value to motorists. Includes a condensed digest of auto laws of all 
States, a lubrication schedule, hints for care of storage battery, and care of tires, 
location of road troubles, anti-freezing solutions, horse-power table, driving hints 
and many useful tables and recipes of interest to all motorists. Not a technical 
book in any sense of the word, just a collection of practical facts in simple language 
for the every-day motorist. Convenient pocket size. Price. $1.50 

AUTOMOBILE WELDING WITH THE OXY-ACETYLENE FLAME. By 

M. Keith Dunham. 

Explains in a simple manner apparatus to be used, its care, and how to construct 
necessary shop equipment. Proceeds then to the actual welding of all automobile 
parts, in a manner understandable by everyone. Gives principles never to be for¬ 
gotten. This book is of utmost value, since the perplexing problems arising when 
metal is heated to a melting point are fully explained and the proper methods to 
overcome them shown. 167 pages. Fully illustrated. Price. $1.50 


AUTOMOBILE, AVIATION AND MOTORCYCLE CHARTS 


AVIATION CHART—LOCATION OF AIRPLANE POWER PLANT TROUBLES 
MADE EASY. By Major Victor W. Page, A.S., S.C.U.S.R. 

A large chart outlining all parts of a typical airplane power plant, showing the points 
where trouble is apt to occur and suggesting remedies for the common defects. In¬ 
tended especially for aviators and aviation mechanics on school and field duty. 
Price. 35 cents 


CHART. GASOLINE ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EASY—A CHART SHOW¬ 
ING SECTIONAL VIEW OF GASOLINE ENGINE. Compiled by Victor 
W. Page, M.E. 

It shows clearly all parts of a typical four-cylinder gasoline engine of the four-cycle 
type. It outlines distinctly all parts liable to give trouble and also details the de¬ 
rangements apt to interfere with smooth engine operation. 

Valuable to students, motorists, mechanics, repairmen, garagemen, automobile sales¬ 
men, chauffeurs, motorboat owners, motor-truck and tractor drivers, aviators, motor¬ 
cyclists, and all others who have to do with gasoline power plants. 

It simplifies location of all engine troubles, and while it will prove invaluable to the 
novice, it can be used to advantage by the more expert. It should be on the walls of 
every public and private garage, automobile repair shop, club house or school. It can 
be carried in the automobile or pocket with ease, and will insure against loss of time 
when engine trouble manifests itself. 

This sectional view of engine is a complete review of all motor troubles. It is prepared 
by a practical motorist for all who motor. More information for the money than ever 
before offered. No details omitted. Size 25x38 inohes. Securely mailed on receipt 
of.35 cents 




6 









CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


CHART. LOCATION OF FORD ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EASY. Com¬ 
piled by Victor W. Page, M.E. 

This shows clear sectional views depicting all portions of the Ford power plant and 
auxiliary groups. It outlines clearly all parts of the engine, fuel supply system, igni¬ 
tion group and cooling system, that are apt to give trouble, detailing all derangements 
that are liable to make an engine lose power, start hard or work irregularly. This 
chart is valuable to students, owners, and drivers, as it simplifies location of all engine 
faults. Of great advantage as an instructor for the novice, it can be used equally well 
by the more expert as a work of reference and review. It can be carried in the tool¬ 
box or pocket with ease and will save its cost in labor eliminated the first time engine 
trouble manifests itself. Prepared with special reference to the average man’s needs 
and is a practical review of all motor troubles because it is based on the actual ex¬ 
perience of an automobile engineer-mechanic with the mechanism the chart describes. 
It enables the non-technical owner or operator of a Ford car to locate engine de¬ 
rangements by systematic search, guided by easily recognized symptoms instead of by 
guesswork. It makes the average owner independent of the roadside repair shop 
when touring. Must be seen to be appreciated. Size 25x38 inches. Printed on 
heavy bond paper. Price.. 35 cents 

CHART. LUBRICATION OF THE MOTOR CAR CHASSIS. Compiled by 
Victor W. Page, M.E. 

This chart presents the plan view of a typical six-cylinder chassis of standard design 
and all parts are clearly indicated that demand oil, also the frequency with which they 
must be lubricated and the kind of oil to use. A practical chart for all interested in 
motor-car maintenance. Size 24x38 inches. Price. 36 cents 

CHART. LOCATION OF CARBURETION TROUBLES MADE EASY. Com¬ 
piled by Victor W. Page, M.E. 

This chart shows all parts of a typical pressure feed fuel supply system and gives 
causes of trouble, how to locate defects and means of remedying them. Size 24x38 
inches. Price.. 35 cents 

CHART. LOCATION OF IGNITION SYSTEM TROUBLES MADE EASY. 

Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. 

In this diagram all parts of a typical double ignition system using battery and magneto 
current are shown, and suggestions are given for readily finding ignition troubles and 
eliminating them when found. Size 24x38 inches. Price. 35 cents 

CHART. LOCATION OF COOLING AND LUBRICATION SYSTEM FAULTS. 

Compiled by Victor W. Page, M.E. 

This composite diagram shows a typical automobile power plant using pump circulated 
water-cooling system and the most popular lubrication method. Gives suggestions 
for curing all overheating and loss of power faults due to faulty action of the oiling 
or cooling group. Size 24x38 inches. Price. 35 cents 

CHART. LOCATION OF STARTING AND LIGHTING SYSTEM FAULTS. 

The most complete chart yet devised, showing all parts of the modern automobile 
starting, lighting and ignition systems, giving instructions for systematic location of 
all faults in wiring, lamps, motor or generator, switches and all other units. Invalu¬ 
able to motorists, chauffeurs and repairmen. Size 24x3S inches. Price . 35 cents 

CHART. MOTORCYCLE TROUBLES MADE EASY. Compiled by Victor 
W. Page, M.E. 

A chart showing sectional view of a single-cylinder gasoline engine. This chart 
simplifies location of all power-plant troubles. A single-cylinder motor is shown for 
simplicity. It outlines distinctly all parts liable to give trouble and also details the 
derangements apt to interfere with smooth engine operation. This chart will prove 
of value to all who have to do with the operation, repair or sale of motorcycles. No 
details omitted. Size 30x20 inches. Price. 35 cents 

7 









CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


AVIATION 


A B C OF AVIATION. By Major Victor W. Page. 

This book describes the basic principles of aviation, tells how a balloon or dirigible 
is made and why it floats in the air. Describes how an airplane flies. It shows in 
detail the different parts of an airplane, what they are and what they do. Describes 
all types of airplanes and how they differ in construction; as well as detailing the 
advantages and disadvantages of different types of aircraft. It includes a complete 
dictionary of aviation terms and clear drawings of leading airplanes. The reader 
will find simple instructions for unpacking, setting up, and rigging airplanes. A 
full description of airplane control principles is given and methods of flying are dis¬ 
cussed at length. 

This book answers every question one can ask about modem aircraft, their con¬ 
struction and operation. A self-educator on aviation without an equal. 274 pages. 
130 specially made illustrations with 7 plates. Price. $2.50 

AVIATION ENGINES—DESIGN; CONSTRUCTION; REPAIR. By Major 

Victor W. Page, A.S., S.C.U.S.R. 

This treatise, written by a recognized authority on all of the practical aspects of 
internal combustion engine construction, maintenance, and repair, fills the need as 
no other book does. The matter is logically arranged; all descriptive matter is 
simply expressed and copiously illustrated, so that anyone can understand airplane 
engine operation and repair even if without previous mechanical training. This 
work is invaluable for anyone desiring to become an aviator or aviation mechanic. 
The latest rotary types, such as the Gnome Monosoupape, and LeRhone, are fully 
explained, as well as the recently developed Yee and radial types. The subjects 
of carburetion, ignition, cooling, and lubrication also are covered in a thorough manner. 
The chapters on repair and maintenance are distinctive and found in no other book 
on this subject. Not a technical book, but a practical, easily understood work of 
reference for all interested in aeronautical science. 589 pages. 253 illustrations. 
Price, net. $3.00 

GLOSSARY OF AVIATION TERMS-ENGLISH-FRENCH; FRENCH- 
ENGLISH. By Major Victor W. Page, A.S., S.C.U.S.R., and Lieut. 
Paul Montariol, of the French Flying Corps. 

A complete glossary of practically all terms used in aviation, having lists in both 
French and English with equivalents in either language. Price, net . . $1.00 


APPLIED AERODYNAMICS. By G. P. Thompson.’ 

This is a scientific and mathematical treatise that has a special appeal to the student 
and engineer who are seeking exact information on the aerodynamics of heavier-than- 
air craft and data on airplane design testing. This book gives an up-to-date presen¬ 
tation of the existing state of Aeronautical Science. In addition to a very full dis¬ 
cussion of the qualities which determine the speed and rate of climb of an aeroplane 
and the method by which they can be calculated, special attention is paid to stability 
—a problem now fairly well understood, and to controllability—our knowledge of 
which is at present in a much more elementary state. Attention is directed to the 
numerous directions in which further information is required, especially in the form of 
full-scale experiments. 312 pages (7 x 10). Illustrated with over 142 Diagrams 
and Graphic Charts. Price. $12.50 

AVIATION CHART—LOCATION OF AIRPLANE POWER PLANT TROUBLES 
MADE EASY. By Major Victor W. Page, A.S., S.C.U.S.R. 

A large chart outlining all parts of a typical airplane power plant, showing the points 
where trouble is apt to occur and suggesting remedies for the common defects. In¬ 
tended especially for aviators and aviation mechanics on school and field duty 
Price . . . . ;. 35 cent* 


8 










CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


BRAZING AND SOLDERING 


BRAZING AND SOLDERING. By James F. Hobaet. 

The only book that shows you just how to handle any job of brazing or soldering that 
comes along; it tells you what mixture to use, how to make a furnace if you need one. 
Full of valuable kinks. The fifth edition of this book has just been published, and to 
it much new matter and a large number of tested formulae for all kinds of solders and 
fluxes have been added. Illustrated. 35 cents 

SOLDERING AND BRAZING. By Raymond Francis Yates. 

This treatise gives all the necessary “kinks” that will enable one to accomplish suc¬ 
cessful soldering. If a mechanic has not succeeded in his soldering, this book may 
tell him just what he needs to produce good work—something that he may hereto¬ 
fore have forgotten. Price. 75 cents 


CHARTS 


MODERN SUBMARINE CHART. 

A cross-section view, showing clearly and distinctly all the interior of a Submarine of 
the latest type. You get more information from this chart, about the construction and 
operation of a Submarine, than in any other way. No details omitted—everything 
is accurate and to scale. All the machinery and devices fitted in a modern Submarine 
Boat are shown.35 cents 

BOX CAR CHART. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a box car, having every part of the car numbered and 
its proper name given in a reference list.35 cenU 

GONDOLA CAR CHART. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a gondola car, having every part of the car numbered 
and its proper reference name given in a reference list.35 cents 

PASSENGER-CAR CHART. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a passenger-car, having every part of the car numbered 
and its proper name given in a reference list. 35 cents 

STEEL HOPPER BOTTOM COAL CAR. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a steel Hopper Bottom Coal Car, having every part 
of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list. 35 cents 

TRACTIVE POWER CHART. 

A chart whereby you can find the tractive power or drawbar pull of any locomotive 
without making a figure. Shows what cylinders are equal, how driving wheels and 
steam pressure affect the power. What sized engine you need to exert a given drawbar 
pull or anything you desire in this line. 50 cents 

HORSE-POWER CHART 

Shows the horse-power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what 
the cylinder diameter of stroke, the steam pressure of cut-off, the revolutions, or 
whether condensing or non-condensing, it’s all there. Easy to use, accurate, and 
saves time and calculations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. 50 cents 

BOILER ROOM CHART. By Geo. L. Fowler. 

a chart_size 14x28 inches—showing in isometric perspective the mechanisms be¬ 

longing in a modern boiler room. The various parts are shown broken or removed, 
so that the internal construction is fuUy illustrated. Each part is given a reference 
number and these, with the corresponding name, are given in a glossary printed at 
the sides.*.35 cent# 


9 

















CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


CHEMISTRY 


HOW TO MAKE AND USE A SMALL CHEMICAL LABORATORY. By 

Raymond Francis Yates. 

The treatise covers all of the essentials of elementary chemistry. The law of definite 
proportions, solutions, crystalloids, colloids, electrolysis, etc., are explained. The 
second part of the book is devoted to chemical and electro-chemical experiments. 
Only those experiments that will tend to broaden the reader’s knowledge of chemistry 
in general have been chosen. Price.. 75 cents 


CONCRETE 


JUST PUBLISHED—CONCRETE WORKERS’ REFERENCE BOOKS. A 
SERIES OF POPULAR HANDBOOKS FOR CONCRETE USERS. 

Prepared by A. A. Houghton .Each 75 cents 

The author, in preparing this Series, has not only treated on the usual types of construction, 
but explains and illustrates molds and syste?ns that are not patented, but which are equal 
in value and often superior to those restricted by patents. These molds are very easily and 
cheaply constructed and embody simplicity, rapidity of operation, and the most successful 
results in the molded concrete. Each of these Twelve books is fully illustrated, and the 
subjects are exhaustively treated in plain English. 

CONCRETE WALL FORMS. By A. A. Houghton. 

A new automatic wall clamp is illustrated with working drawings. Other types of 
wall forms, clamps, separators, etc., are also illustrated and explained. 

(No. 1 of Series). 75 cents 

CONCRETE FLOORS AND SIDEWALKS. By A. A. Houghton. 

The molds for molding squares, hexagonal and many other styles of mosaic floor and 
sidewalk blocks are fully illustrated and explained. (No. 2 of Series) . . 75 cents 

PRACTICAL CONCRETE SILO CONSTRUCTION. By A. A. Houghton. 

Complete working drawings and specifications are given for several styles of concrete 
silos, with illustrations of molds for monolithic and block silos. The tables, data, and 
information presented in this book are of the utmost value .in planning and constructing 
all forms of concrete silos. (No. 3 of Series).75 cents 

MOLDING CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, SLATE AND ROOF TILES. By A. A. 

Houghton. 

The manufacture of all types of concrete slate and roof tile is fully treated. Valuable 
data on all forms of reinforced concrete roofs are contained within its pages. The 
construction of concrete chimneys by block and monolithic systems is fully illustrated 
and described. A number of ornamental designs of chimney construction with molds 
are shown in this valuable treatise. (No. 4 of Series.).75 cents 

MOLDING AND CURING ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE. By A. A. Houghton. 

The proper proportions of cement and aggregates for various finishes, also the method 
of thoroughly mixing and placing in the molds, are fully treated. An exhaustive 
treatise on this subject that every concrete worker will find of daily use and value 
(No. 5 of Series.). 75 cents 

CONCRETE MONUMENTS, MAUSOLEUMS"*AND BURIAL VAULTS. By 

A. A. Houghton. 

The molding of concrete monuments to imitate the most expensive cut stone is ex¬ 
plained in this treatise, with working drawings of easily built molds. Cutting in¬ 
scriptions and designs are also fully treated. (No. 6 of Series.) ... 75 cents 

10 














CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


MOLDING CONCRETE BATHTUBS, AQUARIUMS AND NATATORIUMS. 

By A. A. Houghton. 

Simple molds and instruction are given for molding many styles of concrete bathtubs, 
swimming-pools, etc. These molds are easily built and permit rapid and successful 
work. (No. 7 of Series.). 75 cents 

CONCRETE BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND SEWERS. By A. A. Houghton. 

A number of ornamental concrete bridges with illustrations of molds are given. A 
collapsible center or core for bridges, culverts and sewers is fully illustrated with de¬ 
tailed instructions for building. (No. 8 of Series.). 75 cents 

CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE PORCHES. By A. A. Houghton. 

A number of designs with working drawings of molds are fully explained so anyone 
can easily construct different styles of ornamental concrete porches without the pur¬ 
chase of expensive molds. (No. 9 of Series.). 75 cents 

MOLDING CONCRETE FLOWER-POTS, BOXES, JARDINIERES, ETC. 

By A. A. Houghton. 

The molds for producing many original designs of flower-pots, urns, flower-boxes, 
jardinieres, etc., are fully illustrated and explained, so the worker can easily construct 
and operate same. (No. 10 of Series.).75 cents 

MOLDING CONCRETE FOUNTAINS AND LAWN ORNAMENTS. By A. 

A. Houghton. 

The molding of a number of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching posts, pergolas, sun 
dials and other forms of ornamental concrete for the ornamentation of lawns and gar¬ 
dens, is fully illustrated and described. (No. 11 of Series).75 cents 

CONCRETE FROM SAND MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. 

A Practical Work treating on a process which has heretofore been held as a trade secret 
by the few who possessed it, and which will successfully mold every and any class of 
ornamental concrete work. The process of molding concrete with sand molds is of 
the utmost practical value, possessing the manifold advantages of a low cost of molds, 
the ease and rapidity of operation, perfect details to all ornamental designs, density 
and increased strength of the concrete, perfect curing of the work without attention 
and the easy removal of the molds regardless of any undercutting the design may have. 
192 pages. * Fully illustrated. Price.$2.00 

ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. 

The process for making ornamental concrete without molds has long been held as a 
secret, and now, for the first time, this process is given to the public. The book 
reveals the secret and is the only book published which explains a simple, practical 
method whereby the concrete worker is enabled, by employing wood and metal tem¬ 
plates of different designs, to mold or model in concrete any Cornice, Archivolt, 
Column, Pedestal, Base Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic form—right upon the job. 
These may be molded in units or blocks, and then built up to suit the specifications 
demanded. This work is fully illustrated, with detailed engravings. Price. $2.00 

CONCRETE FOR THE FARM AND IN THE SHOP. By H. Colin 
Campbell, C.E., E.M. 

A new book illustrating and "describing in plain, simple language many of the 
numerous applications of concrete within^the range of the home worker. Among the 
subjects treated are: 

Principles of reinforcing; methods of protecting concrete so as to insure proper harden¬ 
ing- home-made mixers; mixing by hand and machine; form construction, described 
and illustrated by drawings and photographs; construction of concrete walls and 
fences- concrete fence posts; concrete gate posts; corner posts; clothes hne posts; 
grape arbor posts; tanks; troughs; cisterns; hog wallows; feeding floors and barn¬ 
yard pavements; foundations; well curbs and platforms; indoor floors; sidewalks; steps; 
concrete hotbeds and cold frames; concrete slab roofs; walls for buildings; repairing 
leaks in tanks and cisterns, etc., etc. A number of convenient and practical tables 
for estimating Quantities, and some practical examples, are also given, (5 x 7), 
149 pages, 51 illustrations. Price. $1.00 


II 











CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


POPULAR HANDBOOK FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE USERS. By 

Myron H. Lewis. 

This is a concise treatise of the principles and methods employed in the manufacture 
and use of cement in all classes of modern works. The author has brought together 
in this work all the salient matter of interest to the user of concrete and its many 
diversified products. The matter is presented in logical and systematic order, clearly 
written, fully illustrated and free from involved mathematics. Everything of value to 
the concrete user is given, including kinds of cement employed in construction, concrete 
architecture, inspection and testing, waterproofing, coloring and painting, rules, tables, 
working and cost data. The book comprises thirty-three chapters, 430 pages, 126 
illustrations. Price. $3.00 

WATERPROOFING CONCRETE. By Myron H. Lewis. 

Modern Methods of Waterproofing Concrete and Other Structures. A condensed 
statement of the Principles, Rules, and Precautions to be Observed in Waterproofing 
and Dampproofing Structures and Structural Materials. Price .... 75 cents 


DICTIONARIES 


STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O’Conor Sloane. 

An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the 
student and professional. A practical handbook of reference containing definitions in 
about 5000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise 
and include every term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An entirely new 
edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress 
of this branch of science. Complete, concise and convenient. Nearly 800 pages. Nearly 
600 illustrations. New Revised and Enlarged Edition. Price. $5.00 

DIES—METAL WORK 


DIES: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING 
OF SHEET METALS. By J. V. Woodworth. 

A most useful book, and one which should be in the hands of all engaged in the pres- 
working of metals; treating on the Designing, Constructing, and Use of Tools, Fixtures 
and Devices, together with the manner in which they should be used in the Power 
Press, for the cheap and rapid production of the great variety of sheet-metal articles 
now in use. It is designed as a guide to the production of sheet-metal parts at the 
minimum of cost with the maximum of output. The hardening and tempering of 
Press tools and the classes of work which may be produced to the best advantage by 
the use of dies in the power press are fully treated. Its 505 illustrations show dies, 
press fixtures and sheet-metal working devices, the descriptions of which are so clear and 
practical that all metal-working mechanics will be able to understand how to design, 
construct and use them. Many of the dies and press fixtures treated were either 
constructed by the author or under his supervision. Others were built by skilful 
mechanics and are in use in large sheet-metal establishments and machine shops. 
6th Edition. 400 pages, 523 illustrations. Price. $3.50 

PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTURING IN PRESSES. By 

J. V. Woodworth. 

This work is a companion volume to the author’s elementary work entitled “Dies, 'Sftieir 
Construction and Use.” It does not go into the details of die-making to the extent of 
the author’s previous book, but gives a comprehensive review of the field of operations 
carried on by presses. A large part of the information given has been drawn from the 
author’s personal experience. It might well be termed an Encyclopedia of Die-Making, 
Punch-Making, Die-Sinking, Sheet-Metal Working, and Making of Special Tools, Sub- 
presses, Devices and Mechanical Combinations for Punching, Cutting, Bending, Form¬ 
ing, Piercing, Drawing, Compressing and Assembling Sheet-Metal Parts, and also Arti¬ 
cles of other Materials in Machine Tools. 3rd Edition. 483 pages, 702 illustrations. 
Price.. $4.50 


13 











CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


DRAWING—SKETCHING PAPER 


PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. By Richards and Colvin. 

Shows just how to make all kinds of mechanical drawings in the only practical per¬ 
spective isometric. Makes everything plain so that any mechanic can understand 
a sketch or drawing in this way. Saves time in the drawing room, and mistakes in the 
shops. Contains practical examples of various classes of work. 4th Edition. 75 cents 

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE SELF-TAUGHT. By Herman T. C. Kraus. 

This work gives the theory and practice of Unear perspective, as used in architectural, 
engineering and mechanical drawings. Persons taking up the study of the subject 
by themselves will be* able, by the use of the instruction given, to readily grasp the 
subject, and by reasonable practice become good perspective draftsmen. The arrange¬ 
ment of the book is good; the plate is on the left-hand, while the descriptive text 
foUows on the opposite page, so as to be readily referred to. The drawings are on 
sufficiently large scale to show the work clearly and are plainly figured. There is 
included a self-explanatory chart which gives all information necessary for the thorough 
understanding of perspective. This chart alone is worth many times over the price of 
the book. 2d Revised and enlarged Edition. $3.00 

SELF-TAUGHT MECHANICAL DRAWING AND ELEMENTARY MACHINE 
DESIGN. By F. L. Sylvester, M.E., Draftsman, with additions by Erik 
Oberg, associate editor of “Machinery.” 

This is a practical treatise on Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design, comprising 
the first principles of geometric and mechanical drawing, workshop mathematics, 
mechanics, strength of materials and the calculations and design of machine details. 
The author’s aim has been to adapt this treatise to the requirements of the practical 
mechanic and young draftsman and to present the matter in as clear and concise a 
manner as possible. To meet the demands of this class of students, practically all the 
important elements of machine design have been dealt with, and in addition algebraic 
formulas have been explained, and the elements of trigonometry treated in the manner 
best suited to the needs of the practical man. The book is divided into 20 chapters, 
and in arranging the material, mechanical drawing, pure and simple, has been taken 
up first, as a thorough understanding of the principles of representing objects facilitates 
the further study of mechanical subjects. This is followed by the mathematics neces¬ 
sary for the solution of the problems in machine design which are presented later, and 
a practical introduction to theoretical mechanics and the strength of materials. The 
various elements entering into machine design, such as cams, gears, sprocket-wheels, 
cone pulleys, bolts, screws, couplings, clutches, shafting and fly-wheels, have been 
treated in such a way as to make possible the use of the work as a text-book for a 
continuous course of study. 333 pages, 218 engravings. Price. . . . $2.50 

A NEW SKETCHING PAPER. 

A new specially ruled paper to enable you to make sketches or drawings in isometric 
perspective without any figuring or fussing. It is being used for shop details as well 
as for assembly drawings, as it makes one sketch do the work of three, and no workman 
can help seeing just what is wanted. Pads of 40 sheets, 6x9 inches, 40 cents. Pads 
of 40 sheets, 9x12 inches, 75 cents; 40 sheets, 12x18, Price. $1.50 


ELECTRICITY 


ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O’Conor Sloane. 

A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules, all 
of the simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated 
by one or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. This book is 
classed among the most useful works published on the science of electricity, covering 
as it does the mathematics of electricity in a manner that will attract the attention 
of those who are not familiar with algebraical formulas. 22nd Edition. 196 pages. 
Price...$1.50 


13 













CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


COMMUTATOR CONSTRUCTION. By Wm. Baxter, Jr. 

The business end of any dynamo or motor of the direct current type is the commutator. 
This book goes into the designing, building, and maintenance of commutators, shows 
how to locate troubles and how to remedy them; everyone who fusses with dynamos 
needs this. 5th Edition .. 35 cents 

CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSATLANTIC WIRELESS RECEIVING SET. 

By L. G. Pacent and T. S. Curtis. 

A work for the Radio student who desires to construct and operate apparatus that 
will permit of the reception of messages from the large stations in Europe with an 
aerial of amateur proportions. 36 pages. 23 illustrations, cloth. Price . 35 cents 

DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS, OR HOW TO CONSTRUCT A 

FIFTY-WATT DYNAMO. By Arthur J. Weed, Member of N. Y. Electrical 
Society. 

A practical treatise showing in detail the construction of a small dynamo or motor, the 
entire machine work of which can be done on a small foot lathe. Dimensioned working 
drawings are given for each piece of machine work, and each operation is clearly 
described. This machine, when used as a dynamo, has an output of fifty watts; when 
used as a motor it will drive a small drill press or lathe. It can be used to drive a 
sewing machine on any and all ordinary work. The book is illustrated with more 
than sixty original engravings showing the actual construction of the different parts. 
Among the contents are chapters on: 1. Fifty-Watt Dynamo. 2. Side Bearing 
Rods. 3. Field Punching. 4. Bearings. 5. Commutator. 6. Pulley. 7. Brush 
Holders. 8. Connection Board. 9. Armature Shaft. 10. Armature. 11. Armature 
Winding. 12. Field Winding. 13. Connecting and Starting. Price, cloth, $1.00 

DESIGN DATA FOR RADIO TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS. By 

Milton B. Sleeper. 

Far from being a collection of formulas, Design Data takes up in proper sequence the 
problems encountered in planning all types of receiving sets for short, medium and 
long wave work, and spark coil, transformer and vacuum tube transmitters operating 
on 200 meters. Tables have been worked out so that values can be found without 
the use of mathematics. Radio experimenters will find here information which will 
enable them to have the most modern and efficient equipment. Price . . 75 cents 


DYNAMOS AND ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ALL ABOUT THEM. By 

Edward Trevert. 

This volume gives practical directions for building a two H. P. Dynamo of the Edison 
type capable of lighting about fifty mazda lamps of the 20-watt size. In addition, it 
gives directions for building two small electric motors suitable for running sewing 
machines. The concluding chapter describes the construction of a simple bichromate 
battery adapted for running electric motors. 96 pages. Fully illustrated with detail 
drawings. Cloth. Price.. $1.00 


ELECTRIC BELLS. By M. B. Sleeper. 

A complete treatise for the practical worker in installing, operating, and testing 
bell circuits, burglar alarms, thermostats, and other apparatus used with electric 
bells. Both the electrician and the experimenter will find in this book new material 
which is essential in their work. Tools, bells, batteries, unusual circuits, burglar 
alarms, annunciators, systems, thermostats, circuit breakers, time alarms, and other 
apparatus used in bell circuits are described from the standpoints of their applica¬ 
tion, construction, and repair. The detailed instructions for building the apparatus 
will appeal to the experimenter particularly. The practical worker will find the 
chapters on Wiring Calculation of Wire Sizes and Magnet Windings, Upkeep of 
Systems and the Location of Faults of the greatest value in their work. 124 pages 
Fully illustrated. Price.. cents 


14 







CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


EXPERIMENTAL HIGH FREQUENCY APPARATUS — HOW TO MAKE 

AND USE IT. By Thomas Stanley Curtis. 

This book tells you how to build simple high frequency coils for experimental purpose 
in the home, school laboratory, or on the small lecture platform. The book is really 
a supplement to the same author’s “ High Frequency Apparatus.” The experimental 
side only is covered in this volume, which is intended for those who want to build 
small coils giving up to an eighteen-inch spark. The book contains valuable in¬ 
formation for the physics or the manual training teacher who is on the lookout for 
interesting projects for his boys to build or experiment with. The apparatus is 
simple, cheap and perfectly safe, and with it some truly startling experiments may be 
performed. Among the contents are: Induction Coil Outfits Operated on Battery 
Current. Kicking Coil Apparatus. One-Half Kilowatt Transformer Outfit. Parts 
and Materials, etc., etc. 69 pages. Illustrated. Price ..... 50 cents 

HIGH FREQUENCY APPARATUS, ITS CONSTRUCTION AND PRACTICAL 
APPLICATION. By Thomas Stanley Curtis. 

The most comprehensive and thorough work on this interesting subject ever produced. 
The book is essentially practical in its treatment and it constitutes an accurate record 
of the researches of its author over a period of several years, during which time dozens 
of coils were built and experimented with. The work has been divided into six basic 
parts. The first two chapters tell the uninitiated reader what the high frequency 
current is, what it is used for, and how it is produced. The second section, comprising 
four chapters, describes in detail the principles of the transformer, condenser, spark 
gap, and oscillation transformer, and covers the main points in the design and con¬ 
struction of these devices as applied to the work in hand. The third section covers 
the construction of small high frequency outfits designed for experimental work in the 
home laboratory or in the classroom. The fourth section is devoted to electro- 
therapeutic and X-Ray apparatus. The fifth describes apparatus for the cultivation 
of plants and vegetables. The sixth section is devoted to a comprehensive discussion 
of apparatus of large size for use upon the stage in spectacular productions. The 
closing chapter, giving the current prices of the parts and materials required for the 
construction of the apparatus described, is included with a view to expediting the 
purchase of the necessary goods. The Second Edition includes much new matter 
along the line of home-made therapeutic outfits for physicians’ use. The matter on 
electro plant culture has also been elaborated upon. Second Revised and Enlarged 
Edition. 266 pages. New second edition. Fully illustrated. Price . $3*00 


ELECTRIC WIRING, DIAGRAMS AND SWITCHBOARDS. By Newton 
Harrison. 

A thoroughly practical treatise covering the subject of Electric Wiring in all its branches, 
including explanations and diagrams which are thoroughly explicit and greatly simplify 
the subject. Practical, every-day problems in wiring are presented and the method 
of obtaining intelligent results clearly shown. Only arithmetic is used. Ohm’s law 
is given a simple explanation with reference to wiring for direct and alternating 
currents. The fundamental principle of drop of potential in circuits is shown with its 
various applications. The simple circuit is developed with the position of mains, 
feeders and branches; their treatment as a part of a wiring plan and their employ¬ 
ment in house wiring clearly illustrated. Some simple facts about testing are included 
in connection with the wiring. Molding and conduit work are given careful considera¬ 
tion; and switchboards are systematically treated, built up and illustrated, showing 
the purpose they serve, for connection with the circuits, and to shunt and compound 
wound machines. The simple principles of switchboard construction, the develop¬ 
ment of thd switchboard, the connections of the various instruments, including the 
lightning arrester, are also plainly set forth. , 

Alternating current wiring is treated, with explanations of the power factor, conditions 
calling for various sizes of wire, and a simple way of obtaining the sizes for single-phase, 
two-phase and three-phase circuits. This is the only complete work issued showing 
and telling you what you should know about direct and alternating current wiring. It 
is a ready reference. The work is free from advanced technicalities and mathematics, 
arithmetic being used throughout. It is in every respect a handy, well-written, 
instructive, comprehensive volume on wiring for the wireman, foreman, contractor, 
or electrician. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. 315 pages; 137 illustrations. 
Price.. 


IS 





CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


ELECTRIC TOY MAKING, DYNAMO BUILDING, AND ELECTRIC MOTOR 
CONSTRUCTION. By Prof. T. O’Conor Sloane. 

This work treats of the making at home of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, 
dynamos and instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the reach of 
young and old the manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. The work 
is especially designed for amateurs and young folks. 

Thousands of our young people are daily experimenting, and busily engaged in making 
electrical toys and apparatus of various kinds. The present work is just what is want¬ 
ed to give the much needed information in a plain, practical manner, with illustrations 
to make easy the carrying out of the work. 20th Edition. 210 pages, 77 illustrations. 
Price. $1.50 


ELECTRICIANS’ HANDY BOOK. By Prof. T. O’Conor Sloane. 

This work is intended for the practical electrician who has to make things go. The 
entire field of electricity is covered within its pages. Among some of the subjects treated 
are: The Theory of the Electric Current and Circuit, Electro-Chemistry, Primary 
Batteries, Storage Batteries, Generation and Utilization of Electric Powers, Alter¬ 
nating Current, Armature Winding, Dynamos and Motors, Motor Generators, 
Operation of the Central Station Switchboards, Safety* Appliances, Distribution 
of Electric Light and Power, Street Mains, Transformers, Arc and Incandescent 
Lighting, Electric Measurements, Photometry, Electric Railways, Telephony, Bell- 
Wiring, Electric-Plating, Electric Heating, Wireless Telegraphy, etc. It contains no 
useless theory; everything is to the point. It teaches you just what you want to 
know about electricity. It is the standard work published on the subject. Forty- 
six chapters, 600 engravings. New 5th Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price $4.00 


ELECTRICITY SIMPLIFIED. By Prof. T. O’Conor Sloane. 

The object of “Electricity Simplified” is to make the subject as plain as possible and 
to show what the modern conception of electricity is; to show how two plates of 
different metal, immersed in acid, can send a message around the globe; to explain 
how a bundle of copper wire rotated by a steam engine can be the agent in lighting 
our streets, to tell what the volt, ohm and ampere are, and what high and low tension 
mean; and to answer the questions that perpetually arise in the mind in this age of 
electricity. 15th Revised Edition. 218 pages. Illustrated. Price . . $1.50 


EXPERIMENTAL WIRELESS STATIONS. By P. E. Edelman. 

The theory, design, construction and operation is fully treated including Wireless 
Telephony, Vacuum Tube, and quenched spark systems. The new enlarged edition 
is just issued and is strictly up to date, correct and complete. This book tells 
how to make apparatus to not only hear all telephoned and telegraphed radio mes¬ 
sages, but also how to make simple equipment that works for transmission over rea¬ 
sonably long distances. Then there is a host of new information included. The 
first and only book to give you all the recent important radio improvements, some 
oi which have never before been published. This volume anticipates every need of 
the reader who wants the gist of the art, its principles, simplified calculations, appara¬ 
tus dimensions, and understandable directions for efficient operation. 

Vacuum tube circuits; amplifiers; long-distance sets; loop, coil, and underground 
receivers; tables of wave-lengths, capacity, inductance; such are a few of the sub¬ 
jects presented in detail that satisfies. It is independent and one of the few that 
describe all modern systems. 

Endorsed by foremost instructors for its clear accuracy, preferred by leading amateurs 
for its dependable designs. The new experimental Wireless Stations is sure 
to be most satisfactory for your purposes. 27 chapters, 392 pages. 167 illustra¬ 
tions. Price . $3.00 


RADIO TIME SIGNAL RECEIVER. By Austin C. Lescarboura. 

This new book, “A Radio Time Signal Receiver,” tells you how to build a simple 
outfit designed expressly for the beginner. You can build the outfits in your own 
workshop and install them for jewelers either on a one-payment or a rental basis. 
The apparatus is of such simple design that it may be made by the average amateur 
mechanic possessing a few ordinary tools. 42 pages. Paper. Price . . 35 cents 






CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


HOUSE WIRING. By Thomas W. Poppe. 

This work describes and illustrates the actual installation of Electric Light Wiring, 
the manner in which the work should be done, and the method of doing it. The book 
can be conveniently carried in the pocket. It is intended for the Electrician, Helps, 
and Apprentice. It solves all Wiring Problems and contains nothing that conflicts 
with the rulings of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. It gives just the informa* 
tion essential to the Successful Wiring of a Building. Among the subjects treated are 
Locating the Meter. Panel Boards. Switches. Plug Receptacles. Brackets. Ceiling 
Fixtures. The Meter Connections. The Feed Wires. The Steel Armored Cable* 
System. The Flexible Steel Conduit System. The Ridig Conduit System. A digest 
of the National Board of Fire Underwriters’ rules relating to metallic wiring systems. 
Various switching arrangements explained and diagrammed. The easiest method or 
testing the Three- and Four-way circuits explained. The grounding of all metallic 
wiring systems and the reason for doing so shown and explained. The insulation of 
the metal parts of lamp fixtures and the reason for the same described and illustrated. 
208 pages. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged. 160 illustrations. Flexible cloth. 
Price ....', .. $1.00 

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ELECTRICIAN. By Prof. T. O’Conor 
Sloane. 

Every young man who wishes to become a successful electrician should read this book. 
It tells in simple language the surest and easiest way to become a successful electrician. 
The studies to be followed, methods of work, field of operation and the requirement, 
of the successful electrician are pointed out and fully explained. Every young en¬ 
gineer will find this an excellent stepping stone to more advanced works on electricity 
which he must master before success can be attained. Many young men become dis¬ 
couraged at the very outstart by attempting to read and study books that are far 
beyond their comprehension. This book serves as the connecting link between the 
rudiments taught in the public schools and the real study of electricity. It is inter¬ 
esting from cover to cover. 19th Revised Edition, just issued. 205 pages. Illus¬ 
trated. Price.. $1.50 


RADIO HOOK-UPS. By Milton B. Sleeper. 

In this book the best circuits for different instruments and various purposes have been 
carefully selected and grouped together. All the best circuits for damped and un¬ 
damped wave receiving sets, buzzer jspark coil and transformer sending equipment, as 
well as vacuum tube telegraph and telephone transmitters, wavemeters, vacuum tube 
measuring instruments, audibility meters, etc., are shown in this book. . 75 cents 


STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O’Conor Sloane. 

An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the 
student and professional. A practical handbook of reference containing definitions 
of about 5,000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and 
concise and include every term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An en¬ 
tirely new edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with 
the progress of this branch of science. In its arrangement and typography the book 
is very convenient. The word or term defined is printed in black-faced type which 
readily catches the eye, while the body of the page is in smaller but distinct type. The 
definitions are well worded, and so as to be understood by the non-technical reader. 
The general plan seems to be to give an exact, concise definition, and then amplify 
and explain in a more popular way. Synonyms are also given, and references to other 
words and phrases are made. A very complete and accurate index of fifty pages is 
at the end of the volume; and as this index contains all synonyms, and as all phrases 
are indexed in every reasonable combination of words, reference to the proper place 
in the body of the book is readily made. It is difficult to decide how far a book of 
this character is to keep the dictionary form, and to what extent it may assume the 
encyclopedia form. For some purposes, concise, exactly worded definitions are needed; 
for other purposes, more extended descriptions are required. This book seeks to satisfy 
both demands, and does it with considerable success. Complete, concise and con¬ 
venient. 800 pages. Nearly 500 illustrations. New Revised and Enlarged Edition. 
Price. $5.00 


17 







CATALOGUE uF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


STORAGE BATTERIES SIMPLIFIED. By Victor W. Page, M.S.A.E. 

A complete treatise on storage battery operating principles, repairs and applications. 
The greatly increasing application of storage batteries in modem engineering and 
mechanical work has created a demand for a book that will consider this subject 
completely and exclusively. This is the most thorough and authoritative treatise 
ever published on this subject. It is written in easily understandable, non-technical 
language so that anyone may grasp the basic principles of storage battery action as 
well as their practical industrial applications. All electric and gasoline automobiles 
use storage batteries. Every automobile repairman, dealer or salesman should have a 
good knowledge of maintenance and repair of these important elements of the motor 
car mechanism. This book not only tells how to charge, care for and rebuild storage 
batteries but also outlines all the industrial uses. Learn how they run street cars, 
locomotives and factory trucks. Get an understanding of the important functions they 
perform in submarine boatsMsolated lighting plants, railway switch and signal systems, 
marine applications, etc. This book tells how they are used in central station standby 
6ervice, for starting automobile motors and in ignition systems. Every practical use 
of the modern storage battery is outlined in this treatise. 208 pages. Fully illus¬ 
trated. Price.$2.00 


TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, WIRING, OPERATION 
AND MAINTENANCE. By W. H. Radcliffe and H. G. Cushing. ___ 

This book is intended for the amateur, the wireman, or the engineer who desires to 
establish a means of telephonic communication between the rooms of his home, office, 
or shop. It deals only with such things as may be of use to him rather than with 
theories. 

Gives the principles of construction and operation of both the Bell and Independent 
instruments; approved methods of installing and wiring them; the means of protecting 
them from lightning and abnormal currents; their connection together for operation 
as series or bridging stations; and rules for their inspection and maintenance. Line 
wiring and the wiring and operation of special telephone systems are also treated. 

Intricate mathematics are avoided, and all apparatus, circuits and systems are thor¬ 
oughly described. The appendix contains definitions of units and terms used in the 
text. Selected wiring tables, which are very helpful, are also included. Among the 
subjects treated are Construction, Operation, and Installation of Telephone Instru¬ 
ments; Inspection and Maintenance of Telephone Instruments; Telephone Line 
Wiring; Testing Telephone Line Wires and Cables; Wiring and Operation of Special 
Telephone Systems, etc. 2nd Edition, revised and enlarged. 223 pages. 154 
illustrations... $1.50 

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY SIMPLY EXPLAINED. By 

Alfred P. Morgan. 

This is undoubtedly one of the most complete and comprehensible treatises on the 
Bubject ever published, and a close study of its pages will enable one to master all the 
details of the wireless transmission of messages. The author has filled a long-felt 
want and has succeeded in furnishing a lucid, comprehensible explanation in simple 
language of the theory and practice of wireless telegraphy and telephony. 

Among the contents are: Introductory; Wireless Transmission and Reception—The 
Aerial System, Earth Connections—The Transmitting Apparatus, Spark Coils and 
Transformers, Condensers, Helixes, Spark Gaps, Anchor Gaps, Aerial Switches—The 
Receiving Apparatus, Detectors, etc.—Tuning and Coupling, Tuning Coils, Loose 
Couplers, Variable Condensers, Directive Wave Systems—Miscellaneous Apparatus, 
Telephone Receivers, Range of Stations, Static Interference—Wireless Telephones, 
Sound and Sound Waves,The Vocal Cords and Ear—Wireless Telephone, How Sounds 
Are Changed into Electric Waves—Wireless Telephones, The Apparatus—Summary. 
154 pages. 156 engravings. Price. $1.50 


WIRING A HOUSE. By Herbert Pratt. 

Shows a house already built; tells just how to start about wiring it; where to begin; 
what wire to use; how to run it according to Insurance Rules; in fact, just the informa¬ 
tion you need. Directions apply equally to a shop. Fourth edition . . 35 cents 

l8 







CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


ELECTROPLATING 


tHE MODERN ELECTROPLATER. By Kenneth M. Coggeshall. 

This is one of the most complete and practical books on electroplating and allied 
processes that has been published as a text for the student or professional plater. 
It is written in siiriple language and explains all details of electroplating in a concise 
yet complete manner. It starts at the beginning and gives an elementary outline 
of electricity and chemistry as relates to plating, then considers shop layout and 
equipment and gives all the necessary information to do reliable and profitable electro¬ 
plating in a modem commercial manner. Full instructions are given for the prepara¬ 
tion and finishing of the work and formulae and complete directions are included for 
making all kinds of plating solutions, many of these having been trade secrets until 
published in this instruction manual. Anyone interested in practical plating and 
metal finishing will find this book a valuable guide and complete manual of the art. 
Cloth. 142 illustrations. 276 pages. Price.$3.00 


FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC. 


MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT* AND 
MANAGEMENT. By O. E. Perrigo, M.E. 

The only work published that describes the modern machine shop or manufacturing 
plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished 
product is shipped. By a careful study of its thirty-six chapters the practical man 
may economically build, efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine 
shop or manufacturing establishment. Just the book needed by those contemplating 
the erection of modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, 
or the introduction of modern shop methods, time and cost systems. It is a book 
written and illustrated by a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too 
busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-around book of its 
kind ever published. It is a practical book for practical men, from the apprentice in 
the shop to the president in the office. It minutely describes and illustrates the most 
simple and yet the most efficient time and cost system yet devised. 384 pages. 219 
illustrations. Price $5.00 


FUEL 


COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. 

M. Barr. 

This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the 
Combustion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly 
with the conditions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous 
Coals in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers. 

The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The ar¬ 
rangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended 
accurate answers, which describe in language, free from technicalities, the several 
processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the 
essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods for furnace 
construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of 
coal. 5th Edition. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. Price. . . . $1.50 

19 












CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


GAS AND OIL ENGINES 


THE GASOLINE ENGINE ON THE FARM: ITS OPERATION, REPAIR 
AND USES. By Xeno W. Putnam. 

This is a practical treatise on the Gasoline and Kerosene Engine intended for the man 
who wants to know just how to manage his engine and how to apply it to all kinds of 
farm work to the best advantage. 

This book abounds with hints and helps for the farm and suggestions for the home 
and housewife. There is so much of value in this book that it is impossible to ade¬ 
quately describe it in such small space. Suffice to say that it is the kind of a book 
every farmer will appreciate and every farm home ought to have. Includes selecting 
the most suitable engine for farm work, its most convenient and efficient installation, 
with chapters on troubles, their remedies, and how to avoid them. The care and 
management of the farm tractor in plowing, harrowing, harvesting and road grading 
are fully covered; also plain directions are given for handling the tractor on the road. 
Special attention is given to relieving farm life of its drudgery by applying power to 
the disagreeable small tasks which must otherwise be done by hand. Many home¬ 
made contrivances for cutting wood, supplying kitchen, garden, and barn with water, 
loading, hauling and unloading hay, delivering grain to the bins or the feed trough 
are included; also full directions for making the engine milk the cows, churn, wash, 
6weep the house and clean the windows, etc. Very fully illustrated with drawings of 
working parts and cuts showing Stationary, Portable and Tractor Engines doing all 
kinds of farm work. All money-making farms utilize power. Learn how to utilize 
power by reading the pages of this book. It is an aid to the result getter, invaluable 
to the up-to-date farmer, student, blacksmith, implement dealer and, in fact, all who 
can apply practical knowledge of stationary gasoline engines or gas tractors to advan¬ 
tage. 530 pages. Nearly 180 engravings. Price. $3.00 


GASOLINE ENGINES: THEIR OPERATION, USE AND CARE. By A. Hyatt 

Verrill. 

The simplest, latest and most comprehensive popular work published on Gasoline 
Engines, describing what the Gasoline Engine is; its construction and operation; how 
to install it; how to select it; how to use it and how to remedy troubles encountered. 
Intended for Owners, Operators and Users of Gasoline Motors of all kinds. This 
work fully describes and illustrates the various types of Gasoline Engines used in 
Motor Boats, Motor Vehicles and Stationary Work. The parts, accessories and 
appliances are described, with chapters on ignition, fuel, lubrication, operation and 
engine troubles. Special attention is given to the care, operation and repair of motors, 
with useful hints and suggestions on emergency repairs and makeshifts. A complete 
glossary of technical terms and an alphabetically arranged table of troubles and their 
symptoms form most valuable and unique features of this manual. Nearly every 
illustration in the book is original, having been made by the author. Every page is 
full of interest and value. A book which you cannot afford to be without. 275 pages. 
152 specially made engravings. Price.. $2.00 


GAS, GASOLINE, AND OIL ENGINES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

Just issued, 23d revised and enlarged edition. Every user of a gas engine needs this 
book. Simple, instructive, and right up-to-date. The only complete work on the 
subject. Tells all about the running and management of gas, gasoline and oil engines, 
as designed and manufactured in the United States. Explosive motors for stationary 
marine and vehicle power are fully treated, together with illustrations of their parts 
and tabulated sizes, also their care and running are included. Electric ignition by 
induction coil and jump spark are fully explained and illustrated, including valuable 
information on the testing for economy and power and the erection of power plants. 

The rules and regulations of the Board of Fire Underwriters in regard to the installation 
and management of gasoline motors are given in full, suggesting the safe installation 
of explosive motor power. A list of United States Patents issued on gas, gasoline, and 
oil engines and their adjuncts from 1875 to date is included. 640 pages. 435 engrav¬ 
ings. Folding plates. Price.$3.00 


20 









CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 




HYDRAULICS 


HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for all purposes. Including 
the measurement of streams, the flow of water in pipes or conduits; the horse-power 
of falling water, turbine and impact water-wheels, wave motors, centrifugal, recipro¬ 
cating and air-lift pumps. With 300 figures and diagrams and 36 practical tables. 
All who are interested in water-works development will find this book a useful one, 
because it is an entirely practical treatise upon a subject of present importance, and 
cannot fail in having a far-reaching influence, and for this reason should have a place 
in the working library of every engineer. Among the subjects treated are: Historical 
Hydraulics, Properties of Water, Measurement of the Flow of Streams; Flow¬ 
ing Water Suface Orifices and Nozzles; Flow of Water in Pipes; Siphons of Various 
Kinds; Dams and Great Storage Reservoirs; City and Town Water Supply; Wells 
and Their Reinforcement; Air Lift Methods of Raising Water; Artesian Wells, 
Irrigation of Arid Districts; Water Power; Water-Wheels; Pumps and Pumping 
Machinery; Reciprocating Pumps; Hydraulic Power Transmission; Hydraulic 
Mining; Canals; Dredges; Conduits and Pipe Lines; Marine Hydraulics; Tidal and 
Sea Wave Power, etc. 320 pages. Price. $4.60 


ICE AND REFRIGERATION 


POCKETBOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAKING. By A. J. 

Wallis-Taylor. 

This is one of the latest and most comprehensive reference books published on the 
subject of refrigeration and cola storage. It explains the properties and refrigerating 
effect of the different fluids in use, the management of refrigerating machinery and the 
construction and insulation of cold rooms with their required pipe surface for different 
degrees of cold; freezing mixtures and non-freezing brines, temperatures of cold rooms 
for all kinds of provisions, cold storage charges for all classes of goods, ice making 
and storage of ice, data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating engineers, 
with nearly one hundred tables containing valuable references to every fact and con¬ 
dition required in the installment and operation of a refrigerating plant. New 
edition just published. Price. $2.00 


INVENTIONS—PATENTS 


INVENTORS’ MANUAL, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT PAY. 

This is a book designed as a guide to inventors in perfecting their inventions, taking 
out their patents and disposing of them. It is not in any sense a Patent Solicitor’s 
Circular nor a Patent Broker’s Advertisement. No advertisements of any description 
appear in the work. It is a book containing a quarter of a century’s experience of a 
successful inventor, together with notes based upon the experience of many other 
inventors. 

Among the subjects treated in this work are; How to Invent. How to Secure a 
Good Patent. Value of Good Invention. How to Exhibit an Invention. How to 
Interest Capital. How to Estimate the Value of a Patent. Value of Design Patents. 
Value of Foreign Patents. Value of Small Inventions. Advice on Selling Patents. 
Advice on the Formation of Stock Companies. Advice on the Formation of Limited 
Liability Companies. Advice on Disposing of Old Patents. Advice as to Patent 
Attorneys. Advice as to Selling Agents. Forms of Assignments. License and Con¬ 
tracts. State Laws Concerning Patent Rights. 1900 Census of the United States by 
Counts of Over 10,000 Population. New revised and enlarged edition. 144 pages. 
Illustrated. Price..$1.50 


22 














CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


KNOTS 


KNOTS, SPLICES AND ROPE WORK. By A. Hyatt Verrill. 

This is a practical book giving complete and simple directions for making all the most 
useful and ornamental knots in common use, with chapters on Splicing, Pointing, 
Seizing, Serving, etc. This book is fully illustrated with one hundred and fifty 
original engravings, which show how each knot, tie ,or splice is formed, and its appear¬ 
ance when finished. The book will be found of the greatest value to Campers, Yachts¬ 
men, Travelers, Boy Scouts, in fact, to anyone having occasion to use or handle rope 
or knots for any purpose. The book is thoroughly reliable and practical, and is not 
only a guide, but a teacher. It is the standard work on the subject. Among the 
contents are: 1. Cordage, Kinds of Rope. Construction of Rope, Parts of Rope 
Cable and Bolt Rope. Strength of Rope, Weight of Rope. 2. Simple Knots ana 
Bends. Terms Used in Handling Rope. Seizing Rope. 3. Ties and Hitches. 4, 
Noose, Loops and Mooring Knots. 5. Shortenings, Grommets and Salvages. 0. 
Lashings, Seizings and Splices. 7. Fancy Knots and Rope Work. 104 pages. 154 
original engravings. Price.. $ 1.00 


LATHE WORK 


LATHE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION, WITH PRACTICAL 

EXAMPLES OF LATHE WORK. By Oscar E. Perrigo. 

A new revised edition, and the only complete American work on the subject, written 
by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how 
to do it, and how to convey this knowledge to others. It is strictly up-to-date in its 
descriptions and illustrations. Lathe history and the relations of the lathe to manu¬ 
facturing are given; also a description of the various devices for feeds and thread 
cutting mechanisms from early efforts in this direction to the present time. Lathe 
design is thoroughly discussed, including back gearing, driving cones, thread-cutting 
gears, and all the essential elements of the modern lathe. The classification of lathes 
is taken up, giving the essential differences of the several types of lathes including, 
as is usually understood, engine lathes, bench lathes, speed lathes, forge lathes, gap 
lathes, pulley lathes, forming lathes, multiple-spindle lathes, rapid-reduction lathes, 
precision lathes, turret lathes, special lathes, electrically-driven lathes, etc. In addi¬ 
tion to the complete exposition on construction and design, much practical matter on 
lathe installation, care and operation has been incorporated in the enlarged 1915 edi¬ 
tion. All kinds of lathe attachments for drilling, milling, etc., are described and 
complete instructions are given to enable the novice machinist to grasp the art of lathe 
operation as well as the principles involved in design. A number of difficult machining 
operations are described at length and illustrated. The new edition has nearly 500 
pages and 350 illustrations. Price. $ 3.00 

LATHE WORK FOR BEGINNERS. By Raymond Francis Yates. 

A simple, straightforward text-book for those desiring to learn the operation of a 
wood-turning or metal-turning lathe. The first chapter tells how to choose a lathe 
and all of the standard types on the market are described. Simple and more advanced 
lathe woi'k is thoroughly covered and the operation of all lathe attachments such as 
millers, grinders, polishers, etc., is described. The treatment starts from the very 
bottom and leads the reader through to a point where he will be able to handle the 
larger commercial machines with very little instruction. The last chapter of the 
book is devoted to things to make on the lathe and includes a model rapid-fire naval 
gun. This is the only book published in this country that treats lathe work from 
the standpoint of the amateur mechanic. 162 illustrations. About 250 pages, 12mo. 
Price. $ 2.00 

TURNING AND BORING TAPERS. By Fred H. Colvin. 

There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and one other. This treatise has 
to do with the right way; it tells you how to start the work properly, how to set the 
lathe, what tools to use and how to use them, and forty and one other little things 
that you should know. Fiftia edition. Price . 35 cents 

23 












CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


LIQUID AIR 


* IQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES. By T. O’Conor Sloane. 

This book gives the history of the theory, discovery, and manufacture of Liquid Air, 
and contains an illustrated description of all the experiments that have excited the 
wonder of audiences all over the country. It shows how liquid air, like water, is 
carried hundreds of miles and is handled in open buckets. It tells what may be ex¬ 
pected from it in the near future. 

A book that renders simple one of the most perplexing chemical problems of the 
century. Startling developments illustrated by actual experiments. 

It is not only a work of scientific interest and authority, but is intended for the general 
reader, being written in a popular style—easily understood by everyone. Third 
edition. Revised and Enlarged. 394 pages. New Edition. Price , . , $3.00 


LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING 


AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall. 

This book is a standard text-book. It covers the Westinghouse Air-Brake Equipment, 
including the No. 5 and the No. 6 E. T. Locomotive Brake Equipment; the K (Quick 
Service) Triple Yalve for Freight Service; and the Cross-Compound Pump. The 
operation of all parts of the apparatus is explained in detail, and a practical way of 
finding their peculiarities and defects, with a proper remedy, is given. It contains 
2,000 questions with their answers, which will enable any railroad man to pass any 
examination on the subject of Air Brakes. Endorsed and used by air-brake instruc¬ 
tors and examiners on nearly every railroad in the United States. 28th Edition. 411 
pages, fully illustrated with colored plates and diagrams. Price.$2.50 

COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. 
M. Barr. 

This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by tho 
combustion of the common fuels found in the United States and deals particularly 
with the conditions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous 
coal in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers. 

Presentation of this, important subject is systematic and progressive. The ar¬ 
rangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended 
accurate answers, which describe in language free from technicalities the several 
processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the 
essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods of furnace 
construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of 
coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. Price. $1.50 

DIARY OF A ROUND-HOUSE FOREMAN. By T. S. Reilly. 

This is the greatest book of railroad experiences ever published. Containing a fund of 
information and suggestions along the line of handling men, organizing, etc., that one 
cannot afford to miss. 158 pages. Price. $1.50 

LINK MOTIONS, VALVES AND VALVE SETTING. By Fred H. Colvin, 

Associate Editor of American Machinist. 

A handy book for the engineer or machinist that clears up the mysteries of valve 
setting. Shows the different valve gears in use. how they work, and why. Piston 
and slide valves of different types are illustrated and explained. A book that every 
railroad man in the motive power department ought to have. Contains chapters on 
Locomotive Link Motion, Yalve Movements, Setting Slide Yalves, Analysis by 
Diagrams, Modern Practice, Slip of Block, Slice Yalves, Piston Valves, Setting Piston 
Valves Joy-Alien Valve Gear, Walschaert Valve Gear, Gooch Valve Gear, Alfree- 
Hubbell Valve Gear, etc., etc. 3rd Edition, 101 nages. Fully illustrated. Price 

75 cents 


% 


24 












CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


TRAIN RULE EXAMINATIONS MADE EASY. By G. E. Collingwood. 

This is the only practical work on train rules in print. Every detail is covered, and 
puzzling points are explained in simple, comprehensive language, making it a. practical 
treatise for the Train Dispatcher, Engineman, Trainman, and all others who have to 
do with the movements of trains. Contains complete and reliable information of the 
Standard Code of Train Rules for single track. Shows Signals in Colors, as used on 
the different roads. Explains fully the practical application of train orders, giving a 
clear and definite understanding of all orders which may be used. The meaning and 
necessity for certain rules are explained in such a manner that the student may know 
beyond a doubt the rights conferred under any orders he may receive or the action 
required by certain rules. As nearly all roads require trainmen to pass regular exami¬ 
nations, a complete set of examination questions, with their answers, are included. 
These will enable the student to pass the required examinations with credit to himself 
and the road for which he works. Second Edition revised. 234 pages. Fully illus¬ 
trated with Train Signals in Colors. Price. $ 1.50 

THE WALSCHAERT AND OTHER MODERN RADIAL VALVE GEARS FOR 
LOCOMOTIVES. By Wm. W. Wood. 

If you would thoroughly understand the Walschaert Yalva Gear you should possess a 
copy of this book, as the author takes the plainest form of a steam engine—a stationary 
engine in the rough, that will only turn its crank in one direction—and from it builds 
up—with the reader’s help—a modern locomotive equipped with the Walschaert 
Valve Gear, complete. The points discussed are clearly illustrated; two large folding 
plates that show the positions of the valves of both inside or outside admission type, as 
well as the links and other parts of the gear when the crank is at nine different points 
in its revolution, are especially valuable in making the movement clear. These employ 
sliding cardboard models which are contained in a pocket in the cover. 

The book is divided into five general divisions, as follows: 1. Analysis of the gear. 
2. Designing and erecting the gear. 3. Advantages of the gear. 4. Questions and 
answers relating to the Walschaert Valve Gear. 5. Setting valves with the Wal¬ 
schaert Valve Gear; the three primary types of locomotive valve motion; modern 
radial valve gears other than the Walschaert; the Hobart All-free Valve and Valve 
Gear, with questions and answers on breakdowns; the Baker-Pilliod Valve Gear; the 
Improved Baker-Pilliod Valve Gear, with questions and answers on breakdowns. 

The questions with full answers given will be especially valuable to firemen and engi¬ 
neers in preparing for an examination for promotion. 245 pages. Fully illustrated. 
Third Revised New Edition. Price. $ 2.50 

r 

WESTINGHOUSE E-T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION POCKET BOOK. By 

Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. 

Here is a book for the railroad man, and the man who aims to be one. It is without 
doubt the only complete work published on the Westinghouse E-T Locomotive Brake 
Equipment. Written by an Air-Brake Instructor who knows just what is needed. It 
covers the subject thoroughly. Everything about the New Westinghouse Engine and 
Tender Brake Equipment, including the standard No. 5 and the Perfected No. 6 
style of brake, is treated in detail. Written in plain English and profusely illustrated 
with Colored Plates, which enable one to trace the flow of pressures throughout the 
entire equipment. The best book ever published on the Air Brake. Equally good for 
the beginner and the advanced engineer. Will pass anyone through any examination. 
It informs and enlightens you on every point. Indispensable to every engineman and 
trainman. " 

Contains examination questions and answers on the E-T equipment. Covering what 
the E-T Brake is. How it should be operated. What to do when defective. Not a 
question can be asked of the engineman up for promotion, on either the No. 5 or the 
No. 6 E-T equipment, that is not asked and answered in the book. If you want to 
thoroughly understand the E-T equipment get a copy of this book. It covers every 
detail. Makes Air-Brake troubles and examinations easy. Second Revised and 
Enlarged Edition. Price. $ 2.50 


26 








CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE 


AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGEABLE MANUFACTUR¬ 
ING. By J. V. Woodworth. 

A "shoppy” book, containing no theorizing, no problematical or experimental devices, 
there are no badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a 
valuable collection of drawings and descriptions of devices, the rich fruits of the author’s 
own experience. In its 500-odd pages the one subject only, Tool Malang, and what¬ 
ever relates thereto, is dealt with. The work stands without a rival. It is a complete 
practical treatise on the art of American Tool Making and system of interchangeable 
manufacturing as carried on to-day in the United States. In it are described and 
illustrated all of the different types and classes of small tools, fixtures, devices, and 
special appliances which are in general use in all machine-manufacturing and metal¬ 
working establishments where economy, capacity, and interchangeability in the pro¬ 
duction of machined metal parts are imperative. The science of jig making is exhaus¬ 
tively discussed, and particular attention is paid to drill jigs, boring, profiling and milling 
fixtures and other devices in which the parts to be machined are located and fastened 
within the contrivances. All of the tools, fixtures, and devices illustrated and de¬ 
scribed have been or are used for the actual production of work, such as parts of drill 
presses, lathes, patented machinery, typewriters, electrical apparatus, mechanical ap¬ 
pliances, brass goods, composition parts, mould products, sheet metal articles, drop- 
forgings, jewelry, watches, medals, coins, etc. 3rd Edition. 531 pages. Price $4.50 

MACHINE-SHOP ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney. 

This is an arithmetic of the things you have to do with daily. It tells you plainly 
about: how to find areas in figures; how to find surface or volume of balls or spheres; 
handy ways for calculating; about compound gearing; cutting screw threads on any 
lathe; drilling for taps; speeds of drills; taps, emery wheels, grindstones, milling 
cutters, etc.; all about the Metric system with conversion tables; properties of metals; 
strength of bolts and nuts; decimal equivalent of an inch. All sorts of machine-shop 
figuring and 1,001 other things, any one of which ought to be worth more than 
the price of this book to you, and it saves you the trouble of bothering the boss. 7th 
edition. 131 pages. Price...75 cents 

MODERN MACHINE-SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MAN¬ 
AGEMENT. By Oscar E. Perrigo. 

The only work published that describes the Modern Shop or Manufacturing Plant 
from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product 
is shipped. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of. modern shop 
buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction of Modern 
Shop Methods, time and cost systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a prac¬ 
tical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. 
It is the most complete all-round book of its kind ever published.. 384 pages. 

219 original and specially-made illustrations. Revised and Enlarged Edition. 
Price.$5 *00 

“ SHOP KINKS.’* By Robert Grimshaw. 

A book of 400 pages and 222 illustrations, being entirely different from any other 
book on machine-shop practice. Departing from conventional style, the author 
avoids universal or common shop usage and limits his work to showing special ways 
of doing things better, more cheaply and more rapidly than usual. As a result the 
advanced methods of representative establishments of the world are placed at the 
disposal of the reader. This book shows the proprietor where large savings are possible, 
and how products may be improved. To the employee it holds out suggestions that, 
properly applied, will hasten his advancement. No shop can afford to be without it. 
It bristles with valuable wrinkles and helpful suggestions. It will benefit all, from 
apprentice to proprietor. 5th edition. Price. $3.00 

THREADS AND THREAD-CUTTING. By Colvin and Stabel. 

This clears up many of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such as double and triple 
threads, internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful 
Lints and several tables. 4th edition. Price * . 36 cent* 

27 










CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


THE WHOLE FIELD OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS 
COVERED BY MR. HISCOX’S TWO BOOKS 


We publish two books by Gardner D. Hiscox that will keep you from “ inventing ” things 
that have been done before, and suggest ways of doing things that you have not thought of 
before. Many a man spends time and money, pondering over some mechanical problem, 
only to learn, after he has solved the problem , that the same thing has been accomplished 
and put in practice by others long before. Time and money spent in an effort to accom¬ 
plish what has already been accomplished are time and money LOST. The whole field 
of mechanics, every known mechanical movement, and practically every device is covered 
by these two books. If the thing you want has been invented, it is illustrated in them. If 
it hasn’t been invented, then you’ll find in them the nearest things to what you want, some 
movements or devices that will apply in your case, perhaps; or which will give you a key 
from which to work. No book or set of books ever published is of more real value to the 
Inventor , Draftsman, or practical Mechanic than the two volumes described below. 


MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DEVICES. By Gardner D. 

Hiscox. 

This is a collection of 1,890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, 
accompanied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor, 
the draftsman, and to all readers with mechanical tastes. The book is divided into 
eighteen sections or chapters, in which the subject-matter is classified under the follow¬ 
ing heads: Mechanical Powers; Transmission of Power; Measurement of Power; 
Steam Power; Air Power Appliances; Electric Power and Construction; Navigation 
and Roads; Gearing; Motion and Devices; Controlling Motion; Horological; 
Mining; Mill and Factory Appliances; Construction and Devices; Drafting Devices; 
Miscellaneous Devices, etc. 15th edition enlarged. 400 octavo pages. Price . $4.00 


MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVEL¬ 
TIES OF CONSTRUCTION. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

This is a supplementary volume to thS one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the 
first volume, which is more elementary in character, this volume contains illustrations 
and descriptions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and 
appliances found in different lines of machinery, each device being shown by a line 
drawing with a description showing its working parts and the method of operation. 
From the multitude of devices described and illustrated might be mentioned, in 
passing, such items as conveyors and elevators, Prony brakes, thermometers, various 
types of boilers, solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers, evaporators, Corliss and 
other valve gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of various descriptions, air¬ 
ships, motors and dynamos, automobile and motor bicycles, railway lock signals, 
car couplers, link and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy 
guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance. 1,000 specially made 
engravings. 396 octavo pages. 4th Edition enlarged. Price. $4.00 


SHOP PRACTICE FOR HOME MECHANICS. By Raymond Francis Yates. 

A thoroughly practical and helpful treatment prepared especially for those who have 
had little or no experience in shop work. The introduction is given over to an ele¬ 
mentary explanation of the fundamentals of mechanical science. This is followed 
by several chapters on the use of small tools and mechanical measuring instruments. 
Elementary and more advanced lathe work is treated in detail and directions given 
for the construction of a number of useful shop appliances. Drilling and reaming, 
heat treatment of tool steel, special lathe operations, pattern making, grinding, and 
grinding operations, home foundry work, etc., make up the rest of the volume. The 
book omits nothing that will be of use to those who use tools or to those who wish 
to learn the use of tools The great number of clear engravings (over 300) add 
tremendously to the text matter and to the value of the volume as a visual instructor. 
Octavo, 320 pages. 309 engravings. Price , $3.00 

28 







CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


MACHINE-SHOP TOOLS AND SHOP PRACTICE. By W. H. Vandervoort. 

A work of 552 pages and 672 illustrations, describing in every detail the construction, 
operation, and manipulation of both hand and machine tools. Includes chapters 
on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, reamers, taps, and dies; the lathe 
and its tools; planers, shapers, and their tools; milling machines and cutters; gear 
cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding machines and 
their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting, and transmission machinery; 
useful data and tables. 7th Edition. 552 pages. 672 illustrations. Price $4.50 

COMPLETE PRACTICAL MACHINIST. By Joshua Rose. 

The new, twentieth revised and enlarged edition is now ready. This is one of the 
best-known books on maciiine-shop work, and written for the practical workman 
in the language of the workshop. It gives full, practical instructions on the use of 
all kinds of metal-working tools, both hand and machine, and tells how the work 
should be properly done. It covers lathe work, vise work, drills and drilling, taps 
and dies, hardening and tempering, the making and use of tools, tool grinding, mark¬ 
ing out work, machine tools, etc. No machinist’s library is complete without this 
volume. 20th Edition. 547 pages. 432 illustrations. Price .... $3.00 

HENLEY’S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED 
TRADES. Edited by Joseph G. Horner, A.M.I.Mech.E. 

This book covers the entire practice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The 
best known experts in all branches of engineering have contributed to these volumes. 
The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted to the needs of the beginner and the self- 
taught practical man, as well as the mechanical engineer, designer, draftsman, shop 
superintendent, foreman and machinist. 

It is a modera treatise in five volumes. Handsomely bound in half morocco, each 
volume containing nearly 500 pages, with thousands of illustrations, including dia¬ 
grammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. Five large volumes. 
Price. $30.00 

MODEL MAKING Including Workshop Practice, Design and Construction of 
Models. Edited by Raymond F. Yates. Editor of “Everyday Engineering 
Magazine.” 

This book will help you to become a better mechanic. It is full of suggestions for those 
who like to make things, amateur and professional alike. It has been prepared es¬ 
pecially for men with mechanical hobbies. Some may be engineers, machinists, jew¬ 
elers, pattern makers, office clerks or bank presidents. Men from various walks of 
life have a peculiar interest in model engineering. Model Making will be a help and 
an inspiration to such men. It tells them “how-to-do” and “how-to-make” things 
in simple, understandable terms. Not only this, it is full of good, clear working 
drawings and photographs of the models and apparatus described. Each model has 
been constructed and actually works if it is made according to directions. 379 pages. 
300 illustrations. Price. $3.00 

ABRASIVES AND ABRASIVE WHEELS. By Fred B. Jacobs. 

A new book for everyone interested in abrasives or grinding. A careful reading of 
the book will not only make mechanics better able to use abrasives intelligently, but 
it will also tell the shop superintendent of many short cuts and efficiency-increasing 
kinks. The economic advantages in using large grinding wheels are fully explained, 
together with many other things that will tend to give the superintendent or workman 
a keen insight into abrasive engineering. 340 pages. 174 illustrations. This is an 
indispensable book for every machinist. Price.=\. $3.00 

HOME MECHANIC’S WORKSHOP COMPANION. By Andrew Jackson, Jr. 

This treatise includes a compilation of useful suggestions that cannot fail to interest 
the handy man, and while it is not intended for mechanical experts or scientists, it will 
prove to be a veritable store of information for anyone who desires to rig up a small 
Shop where odd jobs can be carried on. Price. 75 cents 

29 








CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


MOTORCYCLES 


MOTORCYCLES AND SIDE CARS, THEIR CONSTRUCTION, MANAGE¬ 
MENT AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M.E. 

The only complete work published for the motorcyclist and repairman. Describes 
fully all leading types of machines, their design, construction, maintenance, operation 
and repair. This treatise outlines fully the operation of two- and four-cycle power 
plants and all ignition, carburetion and lubrication systems in detail. Describes all 
representative types of free engine clutches, variable speed gears and power trans¬ 
mission systems. Gives complete instructions for operating and repairing all types. 
Considers fully electric self-starting and lighting systems, all types of spring frames 
and spring forks and shows leading control methods. For those desiring technical 
information a complete series of tables and many formulae to assist in designing are 
included. The work tells how to figure power needed to climb grades, overcome air 
resistance and attain high speeds. It shows how to select gear ratios for various 
weights and powers, how to figure braking efficiency required, gives sizes of belts and 
chains to transmit power safely, and shows how to design sprockets, belt pulleys, etc. 
This work also includes complete formulae for figuring horse-power, shows how dyna¬ 
mometer tests are made, defines relative efficiency of air- and water-cooled engines, plain 
and anti-friction bearings and many other data of a practical, helpful, engineering 
nature. Remember that you get this information in addition to the practical de¬ 
scription and instructions which alone are worth several times the price of the book. 
2nd Edition Revised and Enlarged. 693 pages. 371 specially made illustrations. 
Cloth. Price. $3.00 

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: 

Here is a book that should be in the cycle repairer’s kit ."—American Blacksmith. 

*‘ The best way for any rider to thoroughly understand his machine, is to get a copy 
of this book; it is worth many times its price .’’—Pacific Motorcyclist. 


PATTERN MAKING 


PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. Barrows. 

This book, now in its second edition, is a comprehensive and entirely practical treatise 
on the subject of pattern making, illustrating pattern work in both wood and metal, 
and with definite instructions on the use of plaster of Paris in the trade. It gives 
specific and detailed descriptions of the materials used by pattern makers and de¬ 
scribes the tools, both those for the bench and the more interesting machine tools; 
having complete chapters on the Lathe, the Circular Saw, and the Band Saw. It gives 
many examples of pattern work, each one fully illustrated and explained with much 
detail. These examples, in their great variety, offer much that will be found of 
Interest to all pattern makers, and especially to the younger ones, who are see king 
information on the more advanced branches of their trade. 

In this second edition of the work will be found much that is new, even to those who 
have long practiced this exacting trade. In the description of patterns as adapted 
to the Moulding Machine many difficulties which have long prevented the rapid and 
economical production of castings are overcome; and this great, new branch of the 
trade is given much space. Stripping plate and stool plate work and the less expen¬ 
sive vibrator, or rapping plate work, are all explained in detail. 

Plain, everyday rules for lessening the cost of patterns, with a complete system of 
cost keeping, a detailed method of marking, applicable to all branches of the trade, 
with Complete information showing what the pattern is, its specific title, its cost, 
date of production, material of which it is made, the number of pieces and core! 
boxes, and its location in the pattern safe, all condensed into a most complete card 
record, with cross index. 

The book closes with an original and practical method for the inventory and valua¬ 
tion of patterns. 2nd Edition. Containing nearly 350 pages and 170 illustra¬ 
tions. Price.$2.50 


/ 




3i 











CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 




PERFUMERY 


PERFUMES AND COSMETICS, THEIR PREPARATION AND MANUFAC¬ 
TURE. By G. W. Askinson, Perfumer. 

A comprehensive treatise, in which there has been nothing omitted that could be of 
vatlue to the perfumer or manufacturer of toilet preparations. Complete directions 
for making handkerchief perfumes, smelling-salts, sachets, fumigating pastilles; 
preparations for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cosmetics, hair dyes and 
other toilet articles are given, also a detailed description of aromatic substances; their 
nature, tests of purity, and wholesale manufacture, including a chapter on synthetic 
products, with formulas for their use. A book of general, as well as professional in¬ 
terest, meeting the wants not only of the druggist and perfume manufacturer, but 
also of the general public. Fourth Edition much enlarged and brought up-to-date. 
Nearly 400 pages, illustrated. Price.$5.00 

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: 

" The most satisfactory work on the subject of Perfumery that we have ever seen. 

“ We feel safe in saying that here is a book on Perfumery that will not disappoint you, 
for it has practical and excellent formulae that are within your ability to prepare 
readily. 

“ We recommend the volume as worthy of confidence, and say that no purchaser will be 
disappointed in securing from its pages good value for its cost, and a large dividend 
on the same, even if he should use but one per cent of its working formulas. There 
is money in it for every user of its information .”—Pharmaceutical Record. 


PLUMBING 


MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS. By R. M. Starbuck. 

A concise, comprehensive and practical treatise on the subject of mechanical drawing 
in its various modern applications to the work of all who are in any way connected 
with the plumbing trade. Nothing will so help the plumber in estimating and in 
explaining work to customers and workmen as a knowledge of drawing, and to the 
workman it is of inestimable value if he is to rise above his position to positions of 
greater responsibility. Among the chapters contained are: 1. Value to plumber of 
knowledge of drawing; tools required and their use; common views needed in mechan¬ 
ical drawing. 2. Perspective versus mechanical drawing in showing plumbing con¬ 
struction. 3. Correct and incorrect methods in plumbing drawing; plan and elevation 
explained. 4. Floor and cellar plans and elevation; scale drawings; use of triangles. 
5. Use of triangles; drawing of fittings, traps, etc. 6. Drawing plumbing elevations 
and fittings. 7. Instructions in drawing plumbing elevations. 8. The drawing of 
plumbing fixtures; scale drawings. 9. Drawings of fixtures and fittings. 10. Inking 
of drawings. 11. Shading of drawings. 12. Shading of drawings. 13. Sectional 
drawings; drawing of threads. 14. Plumbing elevations from architect’s plan. 15. Ele¬ 
vations of separate parts of the plumbing system. 16. Elevations from the architect’s 
plans. 17. Drawings of detail plumbing connections. 18. Architect’s plans and plumb¬ 
ing elevations of residence. 19. Plumbing elevations of residence (continued); plumb¬ 
ing plans for cottage. 20. Plumbing elevations; roof connections. 21. Plans and 
plumbing elevations for six-flat building. 22. Drawing of various parts of the plumb¬ 
ing system; use of scales. 23. Use of architect’s scales. 24. Special features in the 
illustrations of country plumbing. 25. Drawing of wrought-iron piping, valves, radia¬ 
tors, coils, etc. 26. Drawing of piping to illustrate heating systems. 150 illustrations. 
Price.....$2.00 


* 


32 










CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


MODERN PLUMBING ILLUSTRATED. By R. M. Starbuck. 

This book represents the highest standard of plumbing work. It has been adopted 
and used as a reference book by the United States Government, in its sanitary work in 
Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, and by the principal Boards of Health of the 
United States and Canada. 

It gives connections, sizes and working data for all fixtures and groups of fixtures. It 
is helpful to the master plumber in demonstrating to his customers and in figuring 
work. It gives the mechanic and student quick and easy access to the best modern 
plumbing practice. Suggestions for estimating plumbing construction are contained 
in its pages. This book represents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice 
and should be in the hands of every architect, sanitary engineer and plumber who 
wishes to keep himself up to the minute on this important feature of construction. 
Contains following chapters, each illustrated with a full-page plate: Kitchen sink, 
laundry tubs, vegetable wash sink; lavatories, pantry sinks, contents of marble slabs; 
bath tub, foot and sitz bath, shower bath; water closets, venting of water closets; low* 
down water closets, water closets operated by flush valves, water closet range; slop si nk , 
urinals, the bidet; hotel and restaurant sink, grease trap; refrigerators, safe wastes, laun¬ 
dry waste, lines of refrigerators, bar sinks, soda fountain sinks; horse stall, frost-proof 
water closets; connections for S traps, venting; connections for drum traps; soil pipe 
connections; supporting of soil pipe; main trap and fresh air inlet; floor drains and 
cellar drains, subsoil drainage; water closets and floor connections; local venting; 
connections for bath rooms; connections for bath rooms, continued; connections for 
bath rooms, continued; connections for bath rooms, continued; examples of poor 
practice; roughing work ready for test; testing of plumbing system; method of con¬ 
tinuous venting; continuous venting for two-floor work; continuous venting for two 
lines of fixtures on three or more floors; continuous venting of water closets; plumb¬ 
ing for cottage house; construction for cellar piping; plumbing for residence, use of 
special fittings; plumbing for two-flat house; plumbing for apartment building, plumb¬ 
ing for double apartment building; plumbing for office building; plumbing for public 
toilet rooms; plumbing for public toilet rooms, continued; plumbing for bath estab¬ 
lishment; plumbing for engine house, factory plumbing; automatic flushing for 
schools, factories, etc.; use of flushing valves; urinals for public toilet rooms; the 
Durham system, the destruction of pipes by electrolysis; construction of work without 
use of lead; automatic sewage lift; automatic sump tank; country plumbing; construc¬ 
tion of cesspools; septic tank and automatic sewage siphon; country plumbing; water 
supply for country house; thawing of water mains and service by electricity; double 
boilers; hot water supply of large buildings; automatic control of hot water tank; sug¬ 
gestion for estimating plumbing construction. 407 octavo pages, fully illustrated by 58 
full-page engravings. Third, revised and enlarged edition just issued. Price . $5.00 

STANDARD PRACTICAL PLUMBING. By R. M. Starbuck. 

A complete practical treatise of 450 pages covering the subject of Modern Plumbing 
in all its branches, a large amount of space being devoted to a very complete and 
practical treatment of the subject of Hot Water Supply and Circulation and Range 
Boiler Work. Its thirty chapters include about every phase of the subject one can 
think of, making it an indispensable work to the master plumber, the journeyman 
plumber, and the apprentice plumber, containing chapters on: the plumber’s tools- 
wiping solder; composition and use; joint wiping; lead work; traps; siphonage of 
traps; venting; continuous venting; house sewer and sewer connections; house drain - 
soil piping, roughing; main trap and fresh air inlet; floor, yard, cellar drains, rain 
leaders, etc.; fixture wastes; water closets; ventilation; improved plumbing connec¬ 
tions; residence plumbing; plumbing for hotels, schools, factories, stables, etc • 
modern country plumbing; filtration of sewage and water supply; hot and cold 
supply; range boilers; circulation; circulating pipes; range boiler problems* hot 
water for large buildings; water lift and its use; multiple connections for hot water 
boilers; heating of radiation by supply system; theory for the plumber* drawing for 
the plumber. Fully illustrated by 347 engravings. Price.$3 50 


# 


33 





CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


RECIPE BOOK 


HENLEY’S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS AND 
PROCESSES. Edited by Gardner D. Hiscox. 

The most valuable Techno-chemical Formula'Book published, including over 10,000 
selected scientific, chemical, technological, and practical recipes and processes. 

This is the most complete Book of Formulas ever published, giving thousands of 
recipes for the manufacture of valuable articles for everyday use. Hints, Helps, 
Practical Ideas, and Secret Processes are revealed within its pages. It covers every 
branch of the useful arts and tells thousands of ways of making money, and is just the 
book everyone should have at his command. 

Modern in its treatment of every subject that properly falls within its scope, the book 
may truthfully be said to present the very latest formulas to be found in the arts and 
industries, and to retain those processes which long experience has proven worthy of a 
permanent record. To present here even a limited number of the subjects which find 
a place in this valuable work would be difficult. Suffice to say that in its pages will 
be found matter of intense interest and immeasurably practical value to the scientific 
amateur and to him who wishes to obtain a knowledge of the many processes used in 
the arts, trades and manufacture, a knowledge which will render his pursuits more 
instructive and remunerative. Serving as a reference book to the small and large 
manufacturer and supplying intelligent seekers with the information necessary to 
conduct a process, the work will be found of inestimable worth to the Metallurgist, the 
Photographer, the Perfumer, the Painter, the Manufacturer of Glues, Pastes, Cements, 
and Mucilages, the Compounder of Alloys, the Cook, the Physician, the Druggist, the 
Electrician, the Brewer, the Engineer, the Foundryman, the Machinist, the Potter, the 
Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manicure, the Manufacturer of Chem¬ 
ical Novelties and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Electroplater, the Enameler, the 
Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass Worker, the Goldbeater, the Watchmaker, the 
Jeweler, the Hat Maker, the Ink Manufacturer, the Optician, the Farmer, the Dairy¬ 
man, the Paper Maker, the Wood and Metal Worker, the Chandler and Soap Maker, 
the Veterinary Surgeon, and the^TechnologistJn general. 

A mine of information, and up-to-date in every respect. A book which will prove of 
value to EVERYONE, as it covers every branch of the Useful Arts. Every home 
needs this book; every office, every factory, every store, every public and private en¬ 
terprise— EVERYWHERE — shouldj have a copy. 800 pages. Cloth Bound. 

Price.$4.00 

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK: 

"Your Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formulas, and Processes duly received. 
I am glad to have a copy of it, and if I could not replace it, money couldn't buy it. It 
Is the best thing of the sort I ever saw.” (Signed) M. E. Trux, Sparta, Wis. 

“ There are few persons who would not be able to find in the book some single formula 
that would repay several times the cost of the book.”— Merchants’ Record and Show 
Window. 

"I purchased your book ‘Henley’s Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formulas and 
Processes’ about a year ago and it is worth its weight in gold.” —Wm. H. Murray. 
Bennington, Vt. 

"THE BOOK WORTH THREE HUNDRED DOLLARS” 

"On close examination of your ‘Twentieth Century Receipt Book,’ I find it to be a 
very valuable and useful book with the very best of practical information obtainable. 
The price of the book, $4.00, is very small in comparison to the benefits which one can 
obtain from it. I consider the book worth fully three hundred dollars to anyone.’! 
—Dr. A. C. Spetts, New York. 

‘‘ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST USEFUL BOOKS” 

*'Some time ago, I got one of your ‘Twentieth Century Books of Formulas*' and have 
made my living from it ever since. I am alone since my husband’s death with two 
small children to care for and am trying so hard to support them. I have customers 
who take from me Toilet Articles I put up, following directions given in the book, 
and I have found every one of them to be fine.” — Mrs. J. H. McMaken, West Toledo, 
Ohio. 


34 







CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


RUBBER 


RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION OF INDIA RUBBER. 

By T. O’Conok Sloane. 

This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple manner the 
elements of nearly everything it is necessary to understand for a commencement in 
any branch of the India Rubber Manufacture. The making of all kinds of Rubber 
Hand Stamps, Small Articles of India Rubber, U. S. Government Composition, Dating 
Hand Stamps, the Manipulation of Sheet Rubber, Toy Balloons, India Rubber Solu¬ 
tions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber 
Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and Miscellaneous Notes, with a Short 
Account of the Discovery, Collection and Manufacture of India Rubber, are set forth 
in a manner designed to be readily understood, the explanations being plain and simple. 
Including a chapter on Rubber Tire Making and Vulcanizing; also a chapter on the 
uses of rubber in Surgery and Dentistry. Third revised and enlarged edition. 175 
pages. Illustrated.. $1.50 


SAWS 


SAW FILING AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. By Robert Grimshaw. 

A practical hand-book on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and the brazing of 
band saws, the speed, work, and power to run circular saws, etc. A handy book for 
those who have charge of saws, or for those mechanics who do their own filing, as it deals 
with the proper shape and pitches of saw teeth of all kinds and gives many useful hints 
and rules for gumming, setting, and filing, and is a practical aid to those who use saws 
for any purpose. Complete tables of proper shape, pitch, and saw teeth as well as 
sizes and number of teeth of various saws are included. Fourth edition, revised and 
enlarged. Illustrated. Price. $1.50 


SCREW CUTTING 


THREADS AND THREAD-CUTTING. By Colvin and Stable. 

This clears up many of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such as double and triple 
threads, internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful 
hints and several tables. Fourth Edition. Price. 35 cents 


STEAM ENGINEERING 


MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By 

Gardner D. Hiscox. 

This is a complete and practical work issued for Stationary Engineers and Firemen, 
dealing with the care and management of boilers, engines, pumps, superheated steam, 
refrigerating machinery, dynamos, motors, elevators, air compressors, and all other 
branches with which the modern engineer must be familiar. Nearly 200 questions with 
their answers on steam and electrical engineering, likely to be asked by the Examin¬ 
ing Board, are included. 

Among the chapters are; Historical: steam and its properties; appliances for the 
generation of steam; types of boilers; chimney and its work; heat economy of the 
feed water; steam pumps and their work; incrustation and its work; steam above 
atmospheric pressure; flow of steam from nozzles; superheated steam and its work; 
adiabatic expansion of steam; indicator and its work; steam engine proportions; slide 
valve engines and valve motion; Corliss engine and its valve gear; compound engine 
and its theory; triple and multiple expansion engine; steam turbine; refrigeration; 
elevators and their management; cost of power; steam engine troubles; electric 
power and electric plants. 487 pages. 405 engravings. 3d Edition. . . . $3.50 

35 














CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


AMERICAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W. E. Crane. 

This book begins at the boiler room and takes in the whole power plant. A plain 
talk on every-day work about engines, boilers, and their accessories. It is not intended 
to be scientific or mathematical. All formulas are in simple form so that anyone 
understanding plain arithmetic can readily understand any of them. The author 
has made this the most practical book in print; has given the results of his years of 
experience, and has included about all that has to do with an engine room or a power 
plant. You are not left to guess at a single point. You are shown clearly what to 
expect under the various conditions; how to secure the best results; ways of prevent¬ 
ing “shut downs” and repairs; in short, all that goes to make up the requirements 
of a good engineer, capable of taking charge of a plant. It’s plain enough for practical 
men and yet of value to those high in the profession. 

A partial list of contents is; The boiler room, cleaning boilers, firing, feeding; pumps, 
inspection and repair; chimneys, sizes and cost; piping; mason work; foundations; 
testing cement; pile driving; engines, slow and high speed; valves; valve setting; 
Corliss engines, setting valves, single and double eccentric; air pumps and condensers; 
different types of condensers; water needed; lining up; pounds; pins not square in 
crosshead or crank; engineers’ tools; pistons and piston rings; bearing metal; hard¬ 
ened copper; drip pipes from cyUnder jackets; belts, how made, care of; oils; greases; 
testing lubricants; rules and tables, including steam tables; areas of segments; 
squares and square roots; cubes and cube root; areas and circumferences of circles. 
Notes on: Brick work; explosions; pumps; pump valves; heaters, economizers; 
safety valves; lap, lead, and clearance. Has a complete examination for a license, 
etc., etc. Third edition. 311 pages. 131 IUustrations. Price. . . . $2.50 


ENGINE RUNNER’S CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. 

A practical treatise for the stationary engineer, telling how to erect, adjust, and run 
the principal steam engines in use in the United States. Describing the principal 
features of various special and weU-known makes of engines: Temper Cut-off, Shipping 
and Receiving Foundations, Erecting and Starting, Valve Setting, Care and Use, 
Emergencies, Erecting and Adjusting Special Engines. 

The questions asked throughout the catechism are plain and to the point, and the 
answers are given in such simple language as to be readily understood by anyone. All 
the instructions given are complete and up-to-date; and they are written in a popular 
style, without any technicalities or mathematical formulae. The work is of a handy 
size for the pocket, clearly and well printed, nicely bound, and profusely illustrated. 

To young engineers this catechism will be of great value, especially to those who may 
be preparing to go forward to be examined for certificates of competency; and to 
engineers generally it will be of no little service, as they will find in this volume more 
really practical and useful information than is to be found anywhere else within a like 
compass. 387 pages. Seventh edition. Price.$2.00 


HORSE-POWER CHART. 

Shows the horse-power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what 
the cylinder diameter of stroke, the steam pressure of cut-off, the revolutions, or 
whether condensing or non-condensing, it’s all there. Easy to use, accurate, and 
saves time and calculations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. 50 cents 


STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. 

This unique volume of 413 pages is not only a catechism on the question and answer 
principle, but it contains formulas and worked-out answers for all the Steam problems 
that appertain to the operation and management of the Steam Engine. Illustrations 
of various valves and valve gear with their principles of operation are given. Thirty- 
four Tables that are indispensable to every engineer and fireman that wishes to be 
progressive and is ambitious to become master of his calling are within its pages. It is 
a most valuable instructor in the service of Steam Engineering. Leading engineers 
have recommended it as a valuable educator for the beginneF as well as a reference book 
for the engineer. It is thoroughly indexed for every detail. Every essential question 
on the Steam Engine with its answer is contained in this valuable work. Sixteenth 
edition. Price.. 






CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


STEAM ENGINEER’S ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney. 

A practical pocket-book for the steam engineer. Shows how to work the problems of 
the engine room and shows “why.” Tells how to figure horse-power of engines and 
boilers; area Of boilers; has tables of areas and circumferences; steam tables; has a 
dictionary of engineering terms. Puts you on to all of the little kinks in figuring what¬ 
ever there is to figure around a power plant. Tells you about the heat unit; absolute 
zero; adiabatic expansion; duty of engines; factor of safety; and a thousand and one 
other things; and everything is plain and simple—not the hardest way to figure, but 
the easiest. Second Edition. ... . . . 75 cents 

STEAM ENGINE TROUBLES. By H. Hamkens. 

It is safe to say that no book has ever been published which gives the practical en¬ 
gineer such valuable and comprehensive information on steam engine design and 
troubles. 

Not only does it describe the troubles the principal parts of steam engines are subject 
to; it contrasts good design with bad, points out the most suitable material for certain 
parts, and the most approved construction of the same; it gives directions for correct¬ 
ing existing evils by following which breakdowns and costly accidents can be avoided. 
Just look into the nature of the information this book gives on the following sub¬ 
jects. There are descriptions of cylinders, valves, pistons, frames, pillow blocks and 
other bearings, connecting rods, wristplates, daslipots, reaclirods, valve gears, gover¬ 
nors, piping, throttle and emergency valves, safety stops, fly-wheels, oilers, etc. If 
there is any trouble with these parts, the book gives you the reasons and tells how to 
remedy them. 

The principal considerations in the building of foundations are given with the size, 
area and weight required for the same, also the setting of templets and lining up, and 
a complete account of the erection and “breaking in" of new engines in the language 
of the man on the job. 

Contains special chapters on: I. Cylinders. II. Yalves. III. Piping and Separa¬ 
tors. IV. Throttle and Emergency Yalves. V. Pistons. VI. Frames. VII. Bear¬ 
ings. VIII. Connecting Rods. IX. Hookrods. X. Dashpots. XI. Governors. 
XII. Releasing Gears. XIII. Wristplates and Valve Motions. XIV. Rodends and 
Bonnets. XV. Oilers. XVI. Receivers. XVII. Foundations. XVIII. Erection. 
XIX. Valve-Setting. XX. Operation. 284 pages. 276 illustrations. Price $2.50 


STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION 


PRACTICAL STEAM, HOT-WATER HEATING AND VENTILATION. By 

A. G. King. 

This book is the standard and latest work published on the subject and has been pre¬ 
pared for the use of all engaged in the business of steam, hot-water heating, and ventila¬ 
tion. It is an original and exhaustive work. Tells how to get heating contracts, how 
to install heating and ventilating apparatus, the best business methods to be used 
with “Tricks of the Trade” for shop use. Rules and data for estimating radiation 
and cost and such tables and information as make it an indispensable work for every¬ 
one interested in steam, hot-water heating, and ventilation. It describes all the principal 
systems of steam, hot-water, vacuum, vapor, and vacuum-vapor heating, together 
with the new accelerated systems of hot-water circulation, including chapters on 
up-to-date methods of ventilation and the fan or blower system of heating and ventila¬ 
tion. Containing chapters on: I. Introduction. II. Heat. III. Evolution of 
artificial heating apparatus. IV. Boiler surface and settings. V. The chimney flue 
VI. Pipe and fittings. VII. Valves, various kinds.. VIII. Forms of radiating 
surfaces. IX. Locating of radiating surfaces. X. Estimating radiation. XI. Steam¬ 
heating apparatus. XII. Exhaust-steam heating. XIII. Hot-water heating. XIV 
Pressure systems of hot-water work. XV. Hot-water appliances. XVI. Greenhouse 
heating. XVII. Vacuum vapor and vacuum exhaust heating. XVIII. Miscella¬ 
neous heating. XIX. Radiator and pipe connections. XX. Ventilation. XXI 
Mechanical ventilation and hot-blast heating. XXII. Steam appliances XXIII* 
District heating. XXIV. Pipe and boiler covering. XXV. Tepiperature regulation 
and heat control. XXVI. Business methods. XXVII. Miscellaneous. XXVIII 
Rules, tables, and useful information. 402 pages. 300 detailed engravings. Third 
Edition—Revised. Price. $3 5 & 


37 








CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


600 PLAIN ANSWERS TO DIRECT QUESTIONS ON STEAM, HOT-WATER, 
VAPOR AND VACUUM HEATING PRACTICE. By Alfred G. King. 

This work, just off the press, is arranged in question and answer form; it is intended as 
a guide and text-book for the younger, inexperienced fitter and as a reference book for 
all fitters. This book tells “how” and also tells “why.” No work*of its kind has 
ever been published. It answers all the questions regarding each method or system 
that would be asked by the steam fitter or heating contractor, and may be used as a 
text or reference book, and for examination questions by Trade Schools or Steam 
Fitters’ Associations. Rules, data, tables and descriptive methods are given, to¬ 
gether with much other detailed information of daily practical use to those engaged in 
or interested in the various methods of heating. Valuable to those preparing for 
examinations. Answers every question asked relating to modem Steam, Hot-Water, 
Vapor and Vacuum Heating. Among the contents are: The Theory and Laws of 
Heat. Methods of Heating. Chimneys and Flues. Boilers for Heating. Boiler 
Trimmings and Settings. Radiation. Steam Heating. Boiler, Radiator and Pipe 
Connections for Steam Heating. Hot Water Heating. The Two-Pipe Gravity 
System of Hot Water Heating. The Circuit System of Hot Water Heating. The 
Overhead System of Hot Water Heating. Boiler, Radiator and Pipe Connections for 
Gravity Systems of Hot Water Heating. Accelerated Hot Water Heating. Ex¬ 
pansion Tank Connections. Domestic Hot Water Heating. Valves and Air Valves. 
Vacuum Vapor and Vacuo-Vapor Heating. Mechanical Systems of Vacuum Heating. 
Non-Mechanical Vacuum Systems. Vapor Systems. Atmospheric and Modulating 
Systems. Heating Greenhouses. Information, Rules and Tables. 253 pages, 157 
illustrations. Octavo. Cloth. Price. $250 


STEEL 


6TEEL: ITS SELECTION, ANNEALING, HARDENING, AND TEMPERING. 

By E. R. Markham. 

This book tells how to select, and how to work, temper, harden, and anneal steel for 
everything on earth. It doesn’t tell how to temper one class of tools and then leave 
the treatment of another kind of tool to your imagination and judgment, but it gives 
careful instructions for every detail of every tool, whether it be a tap, a reamer or just 
a screw-driver. It tells about the tempering of small watch springs, the hardening of 
cutlery, and the annealing of dies. In fact, there isn’t a thing that a steel worker 
would want to know that isn’t included. It is the standard book on selecting, harden¬ 
ing, and tempering all grades of steel. Among the chapter headings might be mentioned 
the following subjects: Introduction; the workman; steel; methods of heating: 
heating tool steel; forging; annealing; hardening baths; baths for hardening; harden¬ 
ing steel; drawing the temper after hardening; examples of hardening; pack harden¬ 
ing; case hardening; spring tempering; making tools of machine steel; special steels; 
steel for various tools, causes of trouble; high speed steels, etc. 400 pages. Very 
fully illustrated. Fourth Edition. Price. $3.00 

HARDENING, TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND FORGING OF STEEL. 
INCLUDING HEAT TREATMENT OF MODERN ALLOY STEELS. By 

J. V. Woodworth. 

A new work treating in a clear, concise manner all modern processes for the heating, 
annealing, forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of high and low grade steel, 
making it a book of great practical value to the metal-working mechanic in general, 
with special directions for the successful hardening and tempering of all steel tools 
used in the arts, including milling cutters, taps, thread dies, reamers, both solid and 
shell, hollow mills, punches and dies, and all kinds of sheet metal working tools, shear 
blades, saws, fine cutlery, and metal cutting tools of all description, as well as for all 
implements of steel both large and small. In this work the simplest and most satis¬ 
factory hardening and tempering processes are given. 

The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are concisely presented, 
and their treatment for working under different conditions explained, also the special 
methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands. 

A chapter devoted to the different processes for case-hardening is also included, and 
special reference made to the adaptation of machinery steel for tools of various kinds. 
5th Edition. 321 pages. 20i illustrations. /Price. $3.00 

3S 








CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 


TRACTORS 


MODERN GAS TRACTOR: ITS CONSTRUCTION, UTILITY, OPERATION 
AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page. 

An enlarged and revised edition that treats exclusively on the design and construction 
of farm tractors and tractor power plants, and gives complete instructions on their 
care, operation and repair. All types and sizes of gasoline, kerosene and oil tractors 
are described, and every phase of traction engineering practice fully covered. In¬ 
valuable to all desiring reliable information on gas motor propelled traction engines 
and their use. All new 1921 types of tractors are described and complete instructions 
are given for their use on the farm. The chapter on engine repairing has been greatly 
enlarged and complete and detailed instructions are now given for repairing well- 
known and widely used tractor power plants, numerous new forms of which are 
described. Valuable information compiled by Government experts on laying out 
fields for tractor plowing and numerous practical suggestions for hitches so all types 
of agricultural machinery can be operated by tractors, are outlined. The chapter 
on tractor construction and upkeep has been more than doubled in size. Over 100 
new illustrations have been added and the book greatly enlarged. Full instructions 
are now given for using kerosene and distillate as fuel. The 1921 edition is 50 per 
cent larger than the second edition and is more than ever the acknowledged authority 
on farm tractors and their many uses. 5M x 7inches. Cloth, nearly 700 pages, 
and about 300 illustrations, 3 folding plates. Price. $3.00 


WELDING 


MODERN WELDING METHODS. By Victor W. Pag£. 

One of the most instructive books on all methods of joining metals yet published for 
the mechanic and practical man. It considers in detail oxy-acetylene welding, the 
Thermit process and all classes of electric arc and resistance welding. It shows all 
the apparatus needed and how to use it. It considers the production of welding gases, 
construction and operation of welding and cutting torches of all kinds. It details 
the latest approved methods of preparing work for welding. All forms of gas and 
electric welding machines are described and complete instructions are given for 
installing electric spot and butt welders. Cost data are given and all methods of 
doing the work economically are described. It includes instructions for forge and 
dip brazing and manufacture of hard solders and spelters. It shows and explains 
soft soldering processes and tells how to make solders for any use. Complete instruc¬ 
tions are given for soldering aluminum and authoritative formulas for aluminum solders 
are included. 292 pages. 200 illustrations. 1921 edition. Price . . $3.00 

AUTOMOBILE WELDING WITH THE OXY-ACETYLENE FLAME. By 

M. Keith Dunham. 

Explains in a simple manner apparatus to be used, its care, and how to construct 
necessary shop equipment. Proceeds then to the actual welding of all automobile 
parts, in a manner understandable by everyone. Gives principles never to be for¬ 
gotten. This book is of utmost value, since the perplexing problems arising when 
metal is heated to a melting point are fully explained and the proper methods to 
overcome them shown. 167 pages. Fully illustrated. Price $1.50 


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